Franco D, Christoffels VM, Campione M (2014) Homeobox transcription factor Pitx2: The rise of an asymmetry gene in cardiogenesis and arrhythmogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 24(1):23–31

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christoffels VM, Habets PEMH, Franco D, Campione M, De Jong F, Lamers WH, Bao ZZ, Palmer S, Biben C, Harvey RP et al (2000) Chamber Formation and Morphogenesis in the Developing Mammalian Heart. Dev Biol 223(2):266–278

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erhardt S, Zheng M, Zhao X, Le TP, Findley TO, Wang J (2021) The Cardiac Neural Crest Cells in Heart Development and Congenital Heart Defects. JCDD 8(8):89

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carmona R, Guadix JA, Cano E, Ruiz-Villalba A, Portillo-Sánchez V, Pérez-Pomares JM, Muñoz-Chápuli R (2010) The embryonic epicardium: An essential element of cardiac development. J Cell Mol Med 14(8):2066–2072

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schulte I, Schlueter J, Abu-Issa R, Brand T, Männer J (2007) Morphological and molecular left–right asymmetries in the development of the proepicardium: A comparative analysis on mouse and chick embryos. Dev Dyn 236(3):684–695

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodgers LS, Lalani S, Runyan RB, Camenisch TD (2008) Differential growth and multicellular villi direct proepicardial translocation to the developing mouse heart. Dev Dyn 237(1):145–152

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nahirney PC, Mikawa T, Fischman DA (2003) Evidence for an extracellular matrix bridge guiding proepicardial cell migration to the myocardium of chick embryos. Dev Dyn 227(4):511–523

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ratajska A, Czarnowska E, Ciszek B (2008) Embryonic development of the proepicardium and coronary vessels. Int J Dev Biol 52(2–3):229–236

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao J, Poss KD (2018) The epicardium as a hub for heart regeneration. Nat Rev Cardiol 15(10):631–647

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Risebro CA, Vieira JM, Klotz L, Riley PR (2015) Characterisation of the human embryonic and foetal epicardium during heart development. Development 142(21):3630–3636

Velecela V, Lettice LA, Chau YY, Slight J, Berry RL, Thornburn A, Gunst QD, Van Den Hoff M, Reina M, Martínez FO et al (2013) WT1 regulates the expression of inhibitory chemokines during heart development. Hum Mol Genet 22(25):5083–5095

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E, Hill JA, Richardson JA, Olson EN, Sadek HA (2011) Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science 331(6020):1078–1080

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Pomares JM, Macías D, García-Garrido L, Muñoz-Chápuli R (1998) The Origin of the Subepicardial Mesenchyme in the Avian Embryo: An Immunohistochemical and Quail-Chick Chimera Study. Dev Biol 200(1):57–68

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Pomares JM, Phelps A, Sedmerova M, Carmona R, González-Iriarte M, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Wessels A (2002) Experimental Studies on the Spatiotemporal Expression of WT1 and RALDH2 in the Embryonic Avian Heart: A Model for the Regulation of Myocardial and Valvuloseptal Development by Epicardially Derived Cells (EPDCs). Dev Biol 247(2):307–326

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Mentink MM, Bökenkamp R, Hogers B (1993) Development of the cardiac coronary vascular endothelium, studied with antiendothelial antibodies, in chicken-quail chimeras. Circ Res 73(3):559–568

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mikawa T, Gourdie RG (1996) Pericardial Mesoderm Generates a Population of Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells Migrating into the Heart along with Ingrowth of the Epicardial Organ. Dev Biol 174(2):221–232

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dettman RW, Denetclaw W, Ordahl CP, Bristow J (1998) Common Epicardial Origin of Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle, Perivascular Fibroblasts, and Intermyocardial Fibroblasts in the Avian Heart. Dev Biol 193(2):169–181

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lie-Venema H, Eralp I, Markwald RR, Van Den Akker NMS, Wijffels MCEF, Kolditz DP, Van Der Laarse A, Schalij MJ, Poelmann RE, Bogers AJJC et al (2008) Periostin expression by epicardium-derived cells is involved in the development of the atrioventricular valves and fibrous heart skeleton. Differentiation 76(7):809–819

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Von Gise A, Ma Q, Hu YW, Pu WT (2010) Genetic fate mapping demonstrates contribution of epicardium-derived cells to the annulus fibrosis of the mammalian heart. Dev Biol 338(2):251–261

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lockhart M, Phelps A, Van Den Hoff M, Wessels A (2014) The Epicardium and the Development of the Atrioventricular Junction in the Murine Heart. JDB 2(1):1–17

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chong JJH, Chandrakanthan V, Xaymardan M, Asli NS, Li J, Ahmed I, Heffernan C, Menon MK, Scarlett CJ, Rashidianfar A et al (2011) Adult Cardiac-Resident MSC-like Stem Cells with a Proepicardial Origin. Cell Stem Cell 9(6):527–540

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Pu WT (2011) Epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in injured heart. J Cell Mol Med 15(12):2781–2783

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai CL, Martin JC, Sun Y, Cui L, Wang L, Ouyang K, Yang L, Bu L, Liang X, Zhang X et al (2008) A myocardial lineage derives from Tbx18 epicardial cells. Nature 454(7200):104–108

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Ma Q, Rajagopal S, Wu SM, Domian I, Rivera-Feliciano J, Jiang D, Von Gise A, Ikeda S, Chien KR et al (2008) Epicardial progenitors contribute to the cardiomyocyte lineage in the developing heart. Nature 454(7200):109–113

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christoffels VM, Grieskamp T, Norden J, Mommersteeg MTM, Rudat C, Kispert A (2009) Tbx18 and the fate of epicardial progenitors. Nature 458(7240):E8-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dueñas A, Aranega AE, Franco D (2017) More than Just a Simple Cardiac Envelope; Cellular Contributions of the Epicardium. Front Cell Dev Biol 1(5):44

Article  Google Scholar 

Kruithof BPT, Van Wijk B, Somi S, Kruithof-de Julio M, Pérez Pomares JM, Weesie F, Wessels A, Moorman AFM, Van Den Hoff MJB (2006) BMP and FGF regulate the differentiation of multipotential pericardial mesoderm into the myocardial or epicardial lineage. Dev Biol 295(2):507–522

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martínez-Estrada OM, Lettice LA, Essafi A, Guadix JA, Slight J, Velecela V, Hall E, Reichmann J, Devenney PS, Hohenstein P et al (2010) Wt1 is required for cardiovascular progenitor cell formation through transcriptional control of Snail and E-cadherin. Nat Genet 42(1):89–93

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wagner N, Wagner KD (2021) Every Beat You Take—The Wilms′ Tumor Suppressor WT1 and the Heart. IJMS 22(14):7675

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Von Gise A, Zhou B, Honor LB, Ma Q, Petryk A, Pu WT (2011) WT1 regulates epicardial epithelial to mesenchymal transition through β-catenin and retinoic acid signaling pathways. Dev Biol 356(2):421–431

Article  Google Scholar 

Bax NAM, Oorschot AAM, Maas S, Braun J, Tuyn J, Vries AAF, de Groot ACG, Goumans MJ (2011) In vitro epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation in human adult epicardial cells is regulated by TGFβ-signaling and WT1. Basic Res Cardiol 106(5):829–847

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central