Abraham N, Chan ETS, Zhou T, Seah SYK. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:957148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.957148.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aesan - Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. (n.d.). Gob.es. Retrieved November 13, 2025, from https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/web/seguridad_alimentaria/subdetalle/micotoxinas.htm

Ahn JS, Lkhagva E, Jung S, Kim HJ, Chung HJ, Hong ST. Fecal microbiome does not represent whole gut microbiome. Cell Microbiol. 2023;1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/686841

Albillos A, de Gottardi A, Rescigno M. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: pathophysiological basis for therapy. J Hepatol. 2020;72(3):558–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

An J, Kwon H, Kim YJ. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio as a risk factor of breast cancer. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):2216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062216.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

An K, Yan D, Lv X, Liu Y, Xia Z. T-2 toxin induces gut and liver injury through triggering gut microbiota dysbiosis. Poult Sci. 2025;104(10):105577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105577.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anand S, Mande SS. Host-microbiome interactions: gut-liver axis and its connection with other organs. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2022;8(1):89. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-022-00352-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ancona A, Petito C, Iavarone I, Petito V, Galasso L, Leonetti A, et al. The gut-brain axis in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(3):298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2020.11.026.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Nwozo S, Odongo GA, Eseoghene IJ, Twinomuhwezi H, et al. Mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock and their associated health concerns: a review. Toxins. 2022;14(3):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030167.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aytekin Sahin G, Karabulut D, Unal G, Sayan M, Sahin H. Effects of probiotic supplementation on very low dose AFB1-induced neurotoxicity in adult male rats. Life Sci. 2022;306:120798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120798.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai Y, Ma K, Li J, Li J, Bi C, Shan A. Deoxynivalenol exposure induces liver damage in mice: inflammation and immune responses, oxidative stress, and protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;156:112514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112514.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ben Salah-Abbès J, Belgacem H, Ezdini K, Mannai M, Oueslati R, Abbès S. Immunological effects of AFM1 in experimental subchronic dosing in mice prevented by lactic acid bacteria. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2020;42(6):572–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2020.1824237.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bertero A, Fossati P, Tedesco DEA, Caloni F. Beauvericin and enniatins: in vitro intestinal effects. Toxins (Basel). 2020;12(11):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110686.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Camilleri M. Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Gut. 2019;68(8):1516–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cao QQ, Lin LX, Xu TT, Lu Y, Zhang CD, Yue K, et al. Aflatoxin B1 alters meat quality associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut-microbiota in sheep. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;225:112754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112754.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao C, Xian R, Lin F, Li X, Li X, Qiang F, et al. Fumonisin B1 induces hepatotoxicity in mice through the activation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and fibrosis. Chemosphere. 2022;296:133910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133910.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang J, Wang T, Wang P, Yin Q, Liu C, Zhu Q, et al. Compound probiotics alleviating aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone toxic effects on broiler production performance and gut microbiota. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020;194:110420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110420.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiantera V, Laganà AS, Basciani S, Nordio M, Bizzarri M. A critical perspective on the supplementation of Akkermansia muciniphila: benefits and harms. Life (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;13(6):1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13061247.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chlebicz A, Śliżewska K. In vitro detoxification of aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone by probiotic bacteria from genus Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(1):289–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-018-9512-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi D, Fan X, Yu J-H. Comprehensive review of dietary probiotics in reducing aflatoxin B1 toxicity. Toxins. 2025;17(10):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100482.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chung WSF, Walker AW, Bosscher D, Garcia-Campayo V, Wagner J, Parkhill J, et al. Relative abundance of the Prevotella genus within the human gut microbiota of elderly volunteers determines the inter-individual responses to dietary supplementation with wheat bran arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides. BMC Microbiol. 2020;20(1):283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01968-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Commission E. Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/553 of 5 April 2022 on the monitoring of Alternaria toxins in food. Off J Eur Union. 2022;L107:8–10.

Google Scholar 

Commission E. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. Off J Eur Union. 2023;L119:103–57.

Google Scholar 

Commission E. Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/1038 of 9 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) 2023/915 as regards maximum levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food. Off J Eur Union. 2024;L125:74–134.

Google Scholar 

Cordiano R, Di Gioacchino M, Mangifesta R, Panzera C, Gangemi S, Minciullo PL. Malondialdehyde as a potential oxidative stress marker for allergy-oriented diseases: an update. Molecules. 2023;28(16):5979. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165979.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Culp EJ, Goodman AL. Cross-feeding in the gut microbiome: ecology and mechanisms. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(4):485–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.016.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dai F, Guo M, Shao Y, Li C. Novel secreted STPKLRR from Vibrio splendidus AJ01 promotes pathogen internalization via mediating tropomodulin phosphorylation dependent cytoskeleton rearrangement. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19(5):e1011419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011419.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daily JW, Kang S, Park S. Protection against Alzheimer’s disease by luteolin: role of brain glucose regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and the gut microbiota-liver-brain axis. Biofactors. 2021;47(2):218–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1703.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daud N, Currie V, Duncan G, Farquharson F, Yoshinari T, Louis P, et al. Prevalent human gut bacteria hydrolyse and metabolise important food-derived mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins. Toxins. 2020;12(10):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100654.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central