Dwyer J (2014) Defining nutritious breakfasts and their benefits. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(12 Suppl):S5-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Neil CE, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Hayes D, Jana L, Klinger SE, Stephenson-Martin S (2014) The role of breakfast in health: definition and criteria for a quality breakfast. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(12 Suppl):S8–S26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteagudo C, Palacín-Arce A, del Mar Bibiloni M, Pons A, Tur JA, Olea-Serrano F, Mariscal-Arcas M (2013) Proposal for a breakfast quality index (BQI) for children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr 16(4):639–644. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012003175

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vereecken C, The HBSC Eating & Dieting Focus Group, Dupuy M, Rasmussen M, Kelly C, Nansel TR, Al Sabbah H, Baldassari D, Jordan MD, Maes L, Niclasen BV-L, Ahluwalia N, HBSC Eating & Dieting Focus Group (2009) Breakfast consumption and its socio-demographic and lifestyle correlates in schoolchildren in 41 countries participating in the HBSC study. Int J Public Health 54(Suppl. 2):180–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5409-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gibney MJ, Barr SI, Bellisle F, Drewnowski A, Fagt S, Hopkins S, Livingstone B, Varela-Moreiras G, Moreno L, Smith J, Vieux F, Thielecke F, Masset G (2018) Towards an evidence-based recommendation for a balanced breakfast-a proposal from the International Breakfast Research Initiative. Nutrients 10(10):1540. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101540

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blondin S, Anzman-Frasca S, Djang H, Economos C (2016) Breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and adolescents: an updated review of the literature. Pediatr Obes 11:333–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12082

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Bouthoorn SH, van Lenthe FJ, Franco OH, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Raat H (2016) Meal-skipping behaviors and body fat in 6-year-old children. J Pediatr 168:118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.039

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Champilomati G, Notara V, Prapas C, Konstantinou E, Kordoni M, Velentza A, Mesimeri M, Antonogeorgos G, Rojas-Gil AP, Kornilaki EN, Lagiou A, Panagiotakos DB (2020) Breakfast consumption and obesity among preadolescents: an epidemiological study. Pediatr Int 62(1):81–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14050

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma X, Chen Q, Pu Y, Guo M, Jiang Z, Huang W, Long Y, Xu Y (2020) Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 14(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2019.12.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monzani A, Ricotti R, Caputo M, Solito A, Archero F, Bellone S, Prodam F (2019) A systematic review of the association of skipping breakfast with weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. What should we better investigate in the future? Nutrients 11(2):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020387

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haug E, Rasmussen M, Samdal O, Iannotti R, Kelly C, Borraccino A, Vereecken C, Melkevik O, Lazzeri G, Giacchi M, Ercan O, Due P, Ravens-Sieberer U, Currie C, Morgan A, Ahluwalia N, HBSC Obesity Writing Group (2009) Overweight in school-aged children and its relationship with demographic and lifestyle factors: results from the WHO-collaborative health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study. Int J Public Health 54(Suppl 2):167–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5408-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okada C, Tabuchi T, Iso H (2018) Association between skipping breakfast in parents and children and childhood overweight/obesity among children: a nationwide 10.5-year prospective study in Japan. Int J Obes 42:1724–1732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0066-5

Article  Google Scholar 

Garg D, Smith E, Attuquayefio T (2025) Watching television while eating increases food intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Nutrients 2(1):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010166

Article  Google Scholar 

Martín-Calvo N, Usechi A, Fabios E, Gómez SF, López-Gil JF (2024) Television watching during meals is associated with higher ultra-processed food consumption and higher free sugar intake in childhood. Pediatr Obes 19(8):e13130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.13130

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghobadi S, de Zepetnek JOT, Hemmatdar Z, Bellissimo N, Barati R, Ahmadnia H, Salehi-Marzijarani M, Faghih S (2017) Association between overweight/obesity and eating habits while watching television among primary-school children in the city of Shiraz, Iran. Public Health Nutr 27(3):571–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017003251

Article  Google Scholar 

Giménez-Legarre N, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Cardon G, Imre R, Iotova V, Kivelä J, Liatis S, Makrilakis K, Mavrogianni C, Milenkovic T, Nánási A, Tankova T, Timpel P, Willems R, Manios Y, Moreno LA (2021) Cross-sectional associations between mothers and children’s breakfast routine-the Feel4Diabetes-Study. Nutrients 24(3):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030720

Article  Google Scholar 

Pearson N, Biddle SJH, Gorely T (2009) Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. A systematic review. Appetite 52(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.08.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Hazzaa HM, Al-Rasheedi AA, Alsulaimani RA, Jabri L (2020) Anthropometric, familial- and lifestyle-related characteristics of school children skipping breakfast in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Nutrients 29(12):3668. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123668

Article  Google Scholar 

Lazzeri G, Ahluwalia N, Niclasen B, Pammolli A, Vereecken C, Rasmussen M et al (2016) Trends from 2002 to 2010 in daily breakfast consumption and its socio-demographic correlates in adolescents across 31 countries participating in the HBSC study. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0151052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151052

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robertson A, Lobstein T, Knai C (2007) Obesity and socio-economic groups in Europe: Evidence review and implications for action. November 2007. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/life_style/nutrition/documents/ev20081028_rep_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Jan 2023

World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (2022) WHO European Regional Obesity Report 2022. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/353747. Accessed 26 Jan 2023

Homs C, Berruezo P, Según G, Estrada L, de Bont J, Riera-Romaní J, Carrillo-Álvarez E, Schröder H, Milà R, Gómez SF (2021) Family-based intervention to prevent childhood obesity among school-age children of low socioeconomic status: study protocol of the FIVALIN project. BMC Pediatr 21:246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02697-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moschonis G, Siopis G, Anastasiou C, Iotova V, Stefanova T, Dimova R, Rurik I, Radó AS, Cardon G, De Craemer M, Lindström J, Moreno LA, De Miguel-Etayo P, Makrilakis K, Liatis S, Manios Y (2022) Prevalence of childhood obesity by country, family socio-demographics, and parental obesity in Europe: the Feel4Diabetes study. Nutrients 14(9):1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091830

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rijnhart JJM, Valente MJ, Smyth HL, MacKinnon DP (2021) Statistical mediation analysis for models with a binary mediator and a binary outcome: the differences between causal and traditional mediation analysis. Prev Sci 16(3):408–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01308-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Van Lippevelde W, Te Velde SJ, Verloigne M, Van Stralen MM, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Manios Y, Bere E, Vik FN, Jan N, Alvira JMF, Chinapaw MJM, Bringolf-Isler B, Kovacs E, Brug J, Maes L (2013) Associations between family-related factors, breakfast consumption and BMI among 10- to 12-year-old European children: the cross-sectional ENERGY-study. PLoS ONE 25(11):e79550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079550

Article  Google Scholar 

Manios Y, Moschonis G, Androutsos O, Filippou C, Lippevelde WV, Vik FN, van Velde SJ, Jan N, Dössegger A, Bere E, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Chinapaw MJM, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Brug J, ENERGY Consortium (2015) Family sociodemographic characteristics as correlates of children’s breakfast habits and weight status in eight European countries. The ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project. Public Health Nutr 18(5):774–783. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014001219

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mouratidou T, Miguel LM, Androutsos O, Manios Y, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G, Kulaga Z, Socha P, Galcheva S, Iotova V, Payr A, Koletzko B, Moreno LA (2014) Tools, harmonization and standardization procedures of the impact and outcome evaluation indices obtained during a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood: the ToyBox-study. Obes Rev 15(3):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12183

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Miguel-Etayo P, Mesana MI, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Góźdź M, Socha P, Lateva VM, Koletzko BV, Duvinage K, Androutsos O, Manios Y, Moreno LA (2014) Reliability of anthropometric measurements in European preschool children: the ToyBox-study. Obes Rev 15(3):67–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12181

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manios Y, Grammatikaki E, Androutsos O, Chinapaw MJM, Gibson EL, Buijs G, Iotova V, Socha P, Annemans L, Wildgruber A, Mouratidou T, Yngve A, Duvinage K, de Bouraudhuij I (2012) A systematic approach for the development of a kindergarten-based intervention for the prevention of obesity in preschool age children: the ToyBox-study. Obes Rev 13(Suppl 1):3–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00974.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manios Y, Androutsos O, Katsarou C, Iotova V, Socha P, Geyer C, Moreno L, Koletzko B, De Bourdeaudhuij I (2014) Designing and implementin