Xie J, Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhang T, Chen L, Zuo X, et al. Clinical characteristics, laboratory abnormalities and CT findings of COVID-19 patients and risk factors of severe disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(2):1928–49.
Metzger DW, Sun K. Immune dysfunction and bacterial coinfections following influenza. J Immunol. 2013;191(5):2047–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mirzaei R, Goodarzi P, Asadi M, Soltani A, Aljanabi HAA, Jeda AS, et al. Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2. IUBMB Life. 2020;72(10):2097–111.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Virus-bacteria interactions: an emerging topic in human infection. Viruses. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9030058.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lansbury L, Lim B, Baskaran V, Lim WS. Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(2):266–75.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rawson TM, Moore LSP, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M, et al. Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):2459–68.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bengoechea JA, Bamford CG. SARS-CoV-2, bacterial co-infections, and AMR: the deadly trio in COVID-19? EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12(7): e12560.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: what we know so far. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(2):340–50.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peng JM, Du B, Qin HY, Wang Q, Shi Y. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of suspected pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. J Infect. 2021;82(4):22–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Casto AM, Fredricks DN, Hill JA. Diagnosis of infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts using metagenomic next generation sequencing-based diagnostics. Blood Rev. 2022;53: 100906.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qi C, Hountras P, Pickens CO, Walter JM, Kruser JM, Singer BD, et al. Detection of respiratory pathogens in clinical samples using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. J Med Microbiol. 2019;68(7):996–1002.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen Y, Feng W, Ye K, Guo L, Xia H, Guan Y, et al. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pulmonary infectious pathogens from bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11: 541092.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Oken MM, Creech RH, Tormey DC, Horton J, Davis TE, McFadden ET, et al. Toxicity and response criteria of the eastern cooperative oncology group. Am J Clin Oncol. 1982;5(6):649–55.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE Jr, Lynch DA, Nicholson AG, et al. An official American thoracic society/European respiratory society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(6):733–48.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Park SW, Baek AR, Lee HL, Jeong SW, Yang SH, Kim YH, et al. Korean guidelines for diagnosis and management of interstitial lung diseases: part 1. Introduction. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2019;82(4):269–76.
Lee SH, Yeo Y, Kim TH, Lee HL, Lee JH, Park YB, et al. Korean guidelines for diagnosis and management of interstitial lung diseases: part 2. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2019;82(2):102–17.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. Bethesda (MD) 2021.
Meyer KC, Raghu G, Baughman RP, Brown KK, Costabel U, du Bois RM, et al. An official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline: the clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis in interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(9):1004–14.
Cauley LS, Vella AT. Why is coinfection with influenza virus and bacteria so difficult to control? Discov Med. 2015;19(102):33–40.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hendaus MA, Jomha FA. Covid-19 induced superimposed bacterial infection. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;39(11):4185–91.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, et al. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(12):1622–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Satyanarayana G, Enriquez KT, Sun T, Klein EJ, Abidi M, Advani SM, et al. Coinfections in patients with cancer and COVID-19: A COVID-19 and cancer consortium (CCC19) study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(3):ofac037.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saade A, Moratelli G, Dumas G, Mabrouki A, Tudesq JJ, Zafrani L, et al. Infectious events in patients with severe COVID-19: results of a cohort of patients with high prevalence of underlying immune defect. Ann Intensiv Care. 2021;11(1):83.
Park SY, Kim MY, Choi WJ, Yoon DH, Lee SO, Choi SH, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia versus rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease in lymphoma patients receiving rituximab-containing chemotherapy. Med Mycol. 2017;55(4):349–57.
Kim T, Choi SH, Kim SH, Jeong JY, Woo JH, Kim YS, et al. Point prevalence of pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma according to the number of cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy. Ann Hematol. 2013;92(2):231–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Martin-Garrido I, Carmona EM, Specks U, Limper AH. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients treated with rituximab. Chest. 2013;144(1):258–65.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Flori P, Bellete B, Durand F, Raberin H, Cazorla C, Hafid J, et al. Comparison between real-time PCR, conventional PCR and different staining techniques for diagnosing Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53(Pt 7):603–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Brakemeier S, Pfau A, Zukunft B, Budde K, Nickel P. Prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after solid organ transplantation. Pharmacol Res. 2018;134:61–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jin D, Le J, Yang Q, Cai Q, Dai H, Luo L, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii with high probability detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of chemotherapy-related interstitial pneumonia in patients with lymphoma using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology. Infect Agent Cancer. 2023;18(1):80.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lin P, Chen Y, Su S, Nan W, Zhou L, Zhou Y, et al. Diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of suspected pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):416.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rothe K, Feihl S, Schneider J, Wallnofer F, Wurst M, Lukas M, et al. Rates of bacterial co-infections and antimicrobial use in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study in light of antibiotic stewardship. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(4):859–69.
Comments (0)