Gonzalez-Gay MA et al (2009) Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 61(10):1454–1461

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tomelleri A et al (2023) Disease stratification in GCA and PMR: state of the Art and future perspectives. Nat Rev Rheumatol 19(7):446–459

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ponte C et al (2022) 2022 American college of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 81(12):p1647–1653

Article  Google Scholar 

Dasgupta B et al (2012) 2012 provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European league against Rheumatism/American college of rheumatology collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 71(4):484–492

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hellmich B et al (2018) Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 79(1): 19–30

Dejaco C et al (2015) 2015 recommendations for the management of polymyalgia rheumatica: a European league against Rheumatism/American college of rheumatology collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheumatol 67(10):2569–2580

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dejaco C et al (2024) Treat-to-target recommendations in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 83(1):48–57

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castell JV et al (1989) Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 242(2):237–239

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishimoto N et al (2008) Mechanisms and pathologic significances in increase in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor after administration of an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman disease. Blood 112(10):3959–3964

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heinrich PC et al (2003) Principles of Interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374(Pt 1):1–20

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stone JH et al (2017) Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 377(4):317–328

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spiera RF et al (2023) Sarilumab for relapse of polymyalgia rheumatica during glucocorticoid taper. N Engl J Med 389(14):1263–1272

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dejaco C et al (2023) Treat-to-target recommendations in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis

Tombetti E et al (2021) Blood biomarkers for monitoring and prognosis of large vessel vasculitides. Curr Rheumatol Rep 23(3):17

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bertani L et al (2020) Novel prognostic biomarkers of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis patients treated with Anti-TNF: Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte ratio. Inflamm Bowel Dis 26(10):1579–1587

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donato R et al (2013) Functions of S100 proteins. Curr Mol Med 13(1):24–57

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Odink K et al (1987) Two calcium-binding proteins in infiltrate macrophages of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature 330(6143):80–82

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lipcsey M et al (2019) The time course of calprotectin liberation from human neutrophil granulocytes after Escherichia coli and endotoxin challenge. Innate Immun 25(6):369–373

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sunahori K et al (2006) The S100A8/A9 heterodimer amplifies Proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages via activation of nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 8(3):R69

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gernert M et al (2022) Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) detects inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving Tocilizumab therapy. Arthritis Res Ther 24(1):200

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Sleen Y et al (2019) Markers of angiogenesis and macrophage products for predicting disease course and monitoring vascular inflammation in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 58(8):1383–1392

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saut A et al (2023) Serum calprotectin is a marker of disease activity in giant cell arteritis. Autoimmun Rev 22(12):103469

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brun JG et al (2005) A longitudinal study of calprotectin in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or Temporal arteritis: relation to disease activity. Scand J Rheumatol 34(2):125–128

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sack GH Jr. (2020) Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins. Subcell Biochem 94:421–436

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson BD et al (2004) Serum amyloid A as a predictor of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcome in women: the National Heart, Lung, and blood Institute-Sponsored women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation (WISE). Circulation 109(6):726–732

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis KE et al (2004) Increase in serum amyloid a evoked by dietary cholesterol is associated with increased atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation 110(5):540–545

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leinonen E et al (2003) Insulin resistance and adiposity correlate with acute-phase reaction and soluble cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 166(2):387–394

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Neill L et al (2015) Regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis in giant cell arteritis by Acute-Phase serum amyloid A. Arthritis & Rheumatol 67: 2447–2456. 9

Dartevel A et al (2020) Serum amyloid A as a marker of disease activity in giant cell arteritis. Autoimmun Rev 19(1):102428

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burja B et al (2019) Utility of serological biomarkers for giant cell arteritis in a large cohort of treatment-naïve patients. Clin Rheumatol 38(2):317–329

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dasgupta B et al (2012) 2012 Provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. 64: 943–954

Hunder GG et al (1990) The American college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33(8):1122–1128

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dejaco C et al (2024) EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis 83(6):741–751

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mylemans M et al (2021) Circulating calprotectin as biomarker in neutrophil-related inflammation: Pre-analytical recommendations and reference values according to sample type. Clin Chim Acta 517:149–155

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bates D et al (2015) Fitting linear Mixed-Effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67(1):1–48

Article  Google Scholar 

Robin X et al (2011) pROC: an open-source package for R and S + to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12(1):77

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar