Mauvais-Jarvis F, Arnold AP, Reue K. A Guide for the Design of Pre-clinical Studies on Sex Differences in Metabolism. Cell Metab. 2017;25:1216–30.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Costa DN, Santosa S, Jensen MD. Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans. Physiol Rev. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00008.2024.
Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20:56–69.
Sanchez BN, Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Saenz C, Maresh CM. Sex Differences in Energy Metabolism: A Female-Oriented Discussion. Sports Med. 2024;54:2033–57.
Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15:288–98.
Kautzky-Willer A, Leutner M, Harreiter J. Sex differences in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;66:986–1002.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sweeney P, Gimenez LE, Hernandez CC, Cone RD. Targeting the central melanocortin system for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19:507–19.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chowen JA, Freire-Regatillo A, Argente J. Neurobiological characteristics underlying metabolic differences between males and females. Prog Neurobiol. 2019;176:18–32.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Burke LK, et al. Sex difference in physical activity, energy expenditure and obesity driven by a subpopulation of hypothalamic POMC neurons. Mol Metab. 2016;5:245–52.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Halsey LG, et al. Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females. J Hum Evol. 2022;171:103229.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fukushima A, et al. Sex differences in feeding behavior in rats: the relationship with neuronal activation in the hypothalamus. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:88.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cornier M-A, et al. The effects of overfeeding on the neuronal response to visual food cues in thin and reduced-obese individuals. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6310.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Asarian L, Geary N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013;305:R1215–67.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Cuenca S, et al. Sex-dependent thermogenesis, differences in mitochondrial morphology and function, and adrenergic response in brown adipose tissue. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:42958–63.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Maric I, et al. Sex and Species Differences in the Development of Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Disturbances in Rodents. Front Nutr. 2022;9:828522.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wells JCK. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;21:415–30.
de Souza GO, Wasinski F, Donato J. Characterization of the metabolic differences between male and female C57BL/6 mice. Life Sci. 2022;301:120636.
Clegg DJ, Riedy CA, Smith KAB, Benoit SC, Woods SC. Differential sensitivity to central leptin and insulin in male and female rats. Diabetes. 2003;52:682–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saad MF, et al. Sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:579–84.
Fried SK, Lee M-J, Karastergiou K. Shaping fat distribution: New insights into the molecular determinants of depot- and sex-dependent adipose biology. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23:1345–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS, Fried SK. Sex differences in human adipose tissues - the biology of pear shape. Biol Sex Differ. 2012;3:13.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. The sexual dimorphism of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;402:113–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pedersen SB, Børglum JD, Møller-Pedersen T, Richelsen B. Effects of in vivo estrogen treatment on adipose tissue metabolism and nuclear estrogen receptor binding in isolated rat adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992;85:13–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Finan B, et al. Targeted estrogen delivery reverses the metabolic syndrome. Nat Med. 2012;18:1847–56.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wren BG. The benefits of oestrogen following menopause: why hormone replacement therapy should be offered to postmenopausal women. Med J Aust. 2009;190:321–5.
Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The Role of Estrogens in Control of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2013;34:309–38.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Martínez De Morentin PB, et al. Pregnancy Induces Resistance to the Anorectic Effect of Hypothalamic Malonyl-CoA and the Thermogenic Effect of Hypothalamic AMPK Inhibition in Female Rats. Endocrinology. 2015;156:947–60.
Shields BM, et al. Measurement of cord insulin and insulin-related peptides suggests that girls are more insulin resistant than boys at birth. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2661–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Murphy MJ, et al. Girls at five are intrinsically more insulin resistant than boys: The Programming Hypotheses Revisited-The EarlyBird Study (EarlyBird 6). Pediatrics. 2004;113:82–6.
Hoyenga KB, Hoyenga KT. Gender and energy balance: sex differences in adaptations for feast and famine. Physiol Behav. 1982;28:545–63.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Xu X, et al. Modular genetic control of sexually dimorphic behaviors. Cell. 2012;148:596–607.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fathi PA, Bales MB, Ayala JE. Time-dependent changes in feeding behavior and energy balance associated with weight gain in mice fed obesogenic diets. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2024;32:1373–88.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang Y, Smith DL, Keating KD, Allison DB, Nagy TR. Variations in body weight, food intake and body composition after long-term high-fat diet feeding in C57BL/6J mice. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22:2147–55.
Comments (0)