Sherif ZA. The rise in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonalcoholic Fat Liver Disease - Update. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85780.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nendouvhada LP, Sibuyi NRS, Fadaka AO, Meyer S, Madiehe AM, Meyer M, et al. Phytonanotherapy for the treatment of metabolic Dysfunction-Associated steatotic liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS25115571.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anstee QM, Goldin RD. Mouse models in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis research. Int J Exp Pathol. 2006;87:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0959-9673.2006.00465.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carli F, Della Pepa G, Sabatini S, Vidal Puig A, Gastaldelli A. Lipid metabolism in MASLD and MASH: from mechanism to the clinic. JHEP Rep. 2024;6:101185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEPR.2024.101185.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta P, Bala M, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Injeti E, et al. Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: conventional vs traditional drugs—A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action. Pharmacol Res. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mambrini SP, Grillo A, Colosimo S, Zarpellon F, Pozzi G, Furlan D, et al. Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility. Front Nutr. 2024;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNUT.2024.1426551.

Tak YJ, Lee SY. Long-term efficacy and safety of anti-obesity treatment: where do we stand? Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(1):14–30 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00422-w1.

Gorelik E, Gorelik B, Masarwa R, Perlman A, Hirsh-Raccah B, Matok I. The cardiovascular safety of antiobesity drugs—analysis of signals in the FDA adverse event report system database. Int J Obes. 2020;44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0544-4.

Chakhtoura M, Haber R, Ghezzawi M, Rhayem C, Tcheroyan R, Mantzoros CS. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation. eClinicalMedicine. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101882.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kokkorakis M, Boutari C, Hill MA, Kotsis V, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ, et al. Resmetirom, the first approved drug for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: trials, opportunities, and challenges. Metabolism. 2024;154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155835.

Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, et al. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Therapy 2022. 2022;7:1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mahmoudian F, Ahmari A, Shabani S, Sadeghi B, Fahimirad S, Fattahi F. Aptamers as an approach to targeted cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-024-03295-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tee KB, Ibrahim L, Hashim NM, Saiman MZ, Zakaria ZH, Huri HZ. Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacometabolomic approach in Early-Phase clinical trials: A way forward for targeted therapy in type 2 diabetes. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061268.

Chen X, He X, Gao R, Lan X, Zhu L, Chen K, et al. Aptamer-Functionalized Binary-Drug delivery system for synergetic obesity therapy. ACS Nano. 2022;16. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08690.

Herrero-Cervera A, Soehnlein O, Kenne E. Neutrophils in chronic inflammatory diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00832-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dong T, Li J, Liu Y, Zhou S, Wei X, Hua H, et al. Roles of immune dysregulation in MASLD. Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116069.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lei L, Mourabit HEI, Housset C, Cadoret A, Lemoinne S. Role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of Nafld. J Clin Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071338.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balaban YH, Sumer H, Simsek H, Us D, Tatar G. Metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Ann Hepatol. 2006;5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1665-2681(19)32027-7.

Wang XK, Peng ZG. Targeting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: an attractive therapeutic strategy to control inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.655557.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hiradate R, Khalil IA, Matsuda A, Sasaki M, Hida K, Harashima H. A novel dual-targeted rosiglitazone-loaded nanoparticle for the prevention of diet-induced obesity via the Browning of white adipose tissue. J Controlled Release. 2021;329:665–75.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hong J, Kim Y. Fatty liver/adipose tissue Dual-Targeting nanoparticles with Heme Oxygenase‐1 inducer for amelioration of obesity, Obesity‐Induced type 2 diabetes, and steatohepatitis. Adv Sci. 2022;9:2203286.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Frenkel M, Poretsky L. Metabolic causes and consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabol Open. 2021;12:100149.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spearman CW, Afihene M, Betiku O, Bobat B, Cunha L, Kassianides C, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, social determinants of health, and current management for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:1036–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00275-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gouda HN, Charlson F, Sorsdahl K, Ahmadzada S, Ferrari AJ, Erskine H, et al. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan africa, 1990–2017: results from the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e1375–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes–global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10:107.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:223–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

WHO, Obesity. and Overweight. 2020 [cited 29 Apr 2021]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

Paruk IM, Pirie FJ, Motala AA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in africa: a hidden danger. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom. 2019;4:e3. https://doi.org/10.1017/gheh.2019.2

Kruger FC, Daniels C, Kidd M, Swart G, Brundyn K, Van Rensburg C, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the Western cape: a descriptive analysis. SAMJ: South Afr Med J. 2010;100:168–71.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette JH, Underwood FE, King JA, Afshar EE et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022:7(9):851–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00165-0

Cheemerla S, Balakrishnan M. Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2021;17:365.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan WK, Chuah KH, Rajaram RB, Lim LL, Ratnasingam J, Vethakkan SR. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): A State-of-the-Art review. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2023;32:197–213. https://doi.org/10.7570/JOMES23052.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fromenty B, Roden M. Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2023:78(2):415–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.09.020

Gao H, Cao Y, Xia H, Zhu X, Jin Y. CYP4A11 is involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via ROSinduced lipid peroxidation and inflammation. Int J Mol Med. 2020;45:1121–9. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJMM.2020.4479.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sunny NE, Bril F, Cusi K. Mitochondrial adaptation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: novel mechanisms and treatment strategies. Trends Endocrinol Metabolism. 2017;28:250–60.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Zhang L, Dong B. Molecular mechanisms in MASLD/MASH-related HCC. Hepatology. 2024 [cited 4 Apr 2025]. https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000786

Schwärzler J, Grabherr F, Grander C, Adolph TE, Tilg H. The pathophysiology of MASLD: an immunometabolic perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2024;20:375–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2023.2294046.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Yang P, Ye J, Xu Q, Wu J, Wang Y. Updated mechanisms of MASLD pathogenesis. Lipids Health Disease 2024. 2024;23:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12944-024-02108-X.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Longo M, Meroni M, Paolini E, Macchi C, Dongiovanni P. Mitochondrial dynamics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): new perspectives for a fairy-tale ending? Metabolism. 2021;117:154708.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar