Bertagna X. Proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994;23:467–85. 1994/09/01.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cone RD. Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system. Endocr Rev. 2006/11/02 ed. 2006;27:736–49.

Langlet F, Levin BE, Luquet S, Mazzone M, Messina A, Dunn-Meynell AA et al. Tanycytic VEGF-A boosts blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and access of metabolic signals to the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Cell Metab. 2013/04/09 ed. 2013;17:607–17.

Norsted E, Gomuc B, Meister B. Protein components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the mediobasal hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat. 2008;36:107–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Broberger C. Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: molecules and networks. J Intern Med. 2005;258:301–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toda C, Santoro A, Kim JD, Diano S. POMC neurons: from birth to death. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79:209–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Betley JN, Xu S, Cao ZF, Gong R, Magnus CJ, Yu Y, et al. Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal. Nature. 2015;521:180–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Lin YC, Kuo TW, Knight ZA. Sensory detection of food rapidly modulates arcuate feeding circuits. Cell. 2015;160:829–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mandelblat-Cerf Y, Ramesh RN, Burgess CR, Patella P, Yang Z, Lowell BB et al. Arcuate hypothalamic AgRP and putative POMC neurons show opposite changes in spiking across multiple timescales. Elife [Internet]. 2015;4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26159614

Nyema NT, McKnight AD, Vargas-Elvira AG, Schneps HM, Gold EG, Myers KP, et al. AgRP neuron activity promotes associations between sensory and nutritive signals to guide flavor preference. Mol Metabolism. 2023;78:101833.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Su Z, Alhadeff AL, Betley JN. Nutritive, Post-ingestive signals are the primary regulators of AgRP neuron activity. Cell Rep. 2017;21:2724–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell JN, Macosko EZ, Fenselau H, Pers TH, Lyubetskaya A, Tenen D, et al. A molecular census of arcuate hypothalamus and median eminence cell types. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:484–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dicken MS, Tooker RE, Hentges ST. Regulation of GABA and glutamate release from Proopiomelanocortin neuron terminals in intact hypothalamic networks. J Neurosci. 2012;32:4042–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hentges ST, Otero-Corchon V, Pennock RL, King CM, Low MJ. Proopiomelanocortin expression in both GABA and glutamate neurons. J Neurosci. 2009/10/30 ed. 2009;29:13684–90.

Lam BYH, Cimino I, Polex-Wolf J, Nicole Kohnke S, Rimmington D, Iyemere V, et al. Heterogeneity of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Mol Metab. 2017;6:383–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cone RD. Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:571–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan W, Boston BA, Kesterson RA, Hruby VJ, Cone RD. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the Agouti obesity syndrome. Nature. 1997;385:165–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000;404:661–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cowley MA. Hypothalamic melanocortin neurons integrate signals of energy state. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;480:3–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hahn TM, Breininger JF, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat Neurosci. 1998;1:271–2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horvath TL, Bechmann I, Naftolin F, Kalra SP, Leranth C. Heterogeneity in the neuropeptide Y-containing neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus: GABAergic and non-GABAergic subpopulations. Brain Res. 1997/05/09 ed. 1997;756:283–6.

Krashes MJ, Shah BP, Koda S, Lowell BB. Rapid versus delayed stimulation of feeding by the endogenously released AgRP neuron mediators GABA, NPY, and AgRP. Cell Metabol. 2013;18:588–95.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tong Q, Ye C-P, Jones JE, Elmquist JK, Lowell BB. Synaptic release of GABA by AgRP neurons is required for normal regulation of energy balance. Nat Neurosci. 2008;11:998–1000.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Yang YK, Kerns JA, Chen Y, Gantz I et al. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science. 1997/10/06 ed. 1997;278:135–8.

Atasoy D, Betley JN, Su HH, Sternson SM. Deconstruction of a neural circuit for hunger. Nature. 2012/07/18 ed. 2012;488:172–7.

Beck B. Neuropeptide Y in normal eating and in genetic and dietary-induced obesity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006/08/01 ed. 2006;361:1159–85.

Pedrazzini T, Seydoux J, Kunstner P, Aubert JF, Grouzmann E, Beermann F et al. Cardiovascular response, feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Nat Med. 1998/06/12 ed. 1998;4:722–6.

Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdan MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, et al. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature. 2001;411:480–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Solis AJ, Del Río-Martín A, Radermacher J, Chen W, Steuernagel L, Bauder CA, et al. Reciprocal activity of AgRP and POMC neurons governs coordinated control of feeding and metabolism. Nat Metab. 2024;6:473–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gropp E, Shanabrough M, Borok E, Xu AW, Janoschek R, Buch T, et al. Agouti-related peptide–expressing neurons are mandatory for feeding. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:1289–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luquet S, Perez FA, Hnasko TS, Palmiter RD. NPY/AgRP neurons are essential for feeding in adult mice but can be ablated in neonates. Science. 2005;310:683–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bewick GA, Gardiner JV, Dhillo WS, Kent AS, White NE, Webster Z, et al. Postembryonic ablation of AgRP neurons in mice leads to a lean, hypophagic phenotype. FASEB J. 2005;19:1680–2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu AW, Kaelin CB, Morton GJ, Ogimoto K, Stanhope K, Graham J, et al. Effects of hypothalamic neurodegeneration on energy balance. PLoS Biol. 2005;3:e415.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai J, Chen J, Ortiz-Guzman J, Huang J, Arenkiel BR, Wang Y et al. AgRP neurons are not indispensable for body weight maintenance in adult mice. Cell Reports [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 10];42. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247(23)00800-8

Bachor TP, Hwang E, Yulyaningsih E, Attal K, Mifsud F, Pham V, et al. Identification of AgRP cells in the murine hindbrain that drive feeding. Mol Metabolism. 2024;80:101886.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu S-M, Ifebi B, Johnson F, Xu A, Ho J, Yang Y, et al. The gut signals to AGRP-expressing cells of the pituitary to control glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest. 2023;133:e164185.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Ma Y, Wang M, Whim MD. AgRP-Expressing adrenal chromaffin cells are involved in the sympathetic response to fasting. Endocrinology. 2017;158:2572–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aponte Y, Atasoy D, Sternson SM. AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14:351–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Betley JN, Cao ZFH, Ritola KD, Sternson SM, Parallel. Redundant circuit organization for homeostatic control of feeding behavior. Cell. 2013;155:1337–50.

Article  CAS