European Commission. Statistical Office of the European Union. Ageing Europe: looking at the lives of older people in the EU : 2020 edition. LU: Publications Office; 2020.

Cadet C, Maheu E, The French AGRHUM Group (Association Geriatric and RHeUMatology). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the pharmacological management of osteoarthritis in the very old: prescribe or proscribe? Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X2110221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X211022149.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fijałkowski Ł, Skubiszewska M, Grześk G, Koech FK, Nowaczyk A. Acetylsalicylic acid-primus inter pares in pharmacology. Molecules. 2022;27:8412. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238412.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barkin RL, Beckerman M, Blum SL, Clark FM, Koh E-K, Wu DS. Should nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be prescribed to the older adult. Drugs Aging. 2010;27:775–89. https://doi.org/10.2165/11539430-000000000-00000.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fowler TO, Durham CO, Planton J, Edlund BJ. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the older adult. J Am Assoc Nurse Prac. 2014;26:414–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12139.

Article  Google Scholar 

By the 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;2023(71):2052–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18372.

Article  Google Scholar 

Laine L. Approaches to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the high-risk patient. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:594–606. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.21907.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shih S-C, Chang C-W. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. Int J Gerontol. 2007;1:40–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1873-9598(08)70022-X.

Article  Google Scholar 

Masclee GMC, Valkhoff VE, Coloma PM, De Ridder M, Romio S, Schuemie MJ, et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from different drug combinations. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:784-792.e9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.007.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ungprasert P, Cheungpasitporn W, Crowson CS, Matteson EL. Individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:285–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.03.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gooch K, Culleton BF, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Alfonso H, Tonelli M, et al. NSAID use and progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Med. 2007;120:280.e1-280.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMJ. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1909.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schink T, Kollhorst B, Varas Lorenzo C, Arfè A, Herings R, Lucchi S, et al. Risk of ischemic stroke and the use of individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a multi-country European database study within the SOS Project. PLoS One. 2018;13: e0203362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203362.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varga Z, Sabzwari SRA, Vargova V. Cardiovascular risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an under-recognized public health issue. Cureus. 2017. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1144.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Snowden S, Nelson R. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:184–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0b013e31821ddcf4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wehling M. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in chronic pain conditions with special emphasis on the elderly and patients with relevant comorbidities: management and mitigation of risks and adverse effects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70:1159–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1734-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, Benkhalti M, Guyatt G, McGowan J, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:465–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.21596.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chan FKL, Abraham NS, Scheiman JM, Laine L, for the First International Working Party on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-platelet agents*. Management of patients on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a clinical practice recommendation from the first international working party on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-platelet agents. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2908–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02200.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lanza FL, Chan FKL, Quigley EMM. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.115.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anlay DZ, Paque K, Van Leeuwen E, Cohen J, Dilles T. Tools and guidelines to assess the appropriateness of medication and aid deprescribing: an umbrella review. Brit J Clin Pharma. 2024;90:12–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15906.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dreischulte T, Grant AM, McCowan C, McAnaw JJ, Guthrie B. Quality and safety of medication use in primary care: consensus validation of a new set of explicit medication assessment criteria and prioritisation of topics for improvement. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2012;12:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-12-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spencer R, Bell B, Avery AJ, Gookey G, Campbell SM. Identification of an updated set of prescribing-safety indicators for GPs. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64:e181–90. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp14X677806.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Avery AJ, Rodgers S, Cantrill JA, Armstrong S, Cresswell K, Eden M, et al. A pharmacist-led information technology intervention for medication errors (PINCER): a multicentre, cluster randomised, controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:1310–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61817-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dreischulte T, Donnan P, Grant A, Hapca A, McCowan C, Guthrie B. Safer prescribing—a trial of education, informatics, and financial incentives. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1053–64. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1508955.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kardas P, Urbański F, Lichwierowicz A, Chudzyńska E, Czech M, Makowska K, et al. The prevalence of selected potential drug-drug interactions of analgesic drugs and possible methods of preventing them: lessons learned from the analysis of the real-world national database of 38 million citizens of Poland. Front Pharmacol. 2021;11: 607852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.607852.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lasota D, Mirowska-Guzel D, Goniewicz M. The over-the-counter medicines market in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:17022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olszanecka A, Reczek Ł, Schönborn M, Janiec S, Cebeńko M, Pałasz I, et al. Stosowanie leków przeciwbólowych u pacjentów z chorobą niedokrwienną serca. Folia Cardiol. 2018;13:283–8. https://doi.org/10.5603/FC.2018.0065.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heleniak Z, Cieplińska M, Szychliński T, Rychter D, Jagodzińska K, Kłos A, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol. 2017;30:781–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-016-0352-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mulka-Gierek M, Krata N, Foroncewicz B, Pączek L, Mucha K. The different patterns of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or analgesics use in patients with chronic kidney disease and the general population. Healthcare. 2022;10:2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102035.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Błędowski P, Grodzicki T, Mossakowska M, Zdrojewski T, editors. A study on individual components of the health condition in the elderly, including health‑related quality of life [Polish]. Gdańsk: Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny; 2021.

Błeszyńska-Marunowska E, Jagiełło K, Grodzicki T, Wierucki Ł, Sznitowska M, Kalarus Z, et al. Polypharmacy among elderly patients in Poland: prevalence, predisposing factors, and management strategies. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022;132:16347. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.16347.