Federal Register. Guidance for industry on diabetes mellitus-evaluating cardiovascular risk in new antidiabetic therapies to treat type 2 diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 27]. Available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/12/19/E8-30086/guidance-for-industry-on-diabetes-mellitus-evaluating-cardiovascular-risk-in-new-antidiabetic.
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jan 15];145. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.
Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, Müller-Wieland D, Ajjan RA, Antunes MJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:4043–140.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rossing P, Caramori ML, Chan JCN, Heerspink HJL, Hurst C, Khunti K, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2022 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: an update based on rapidly emerging new evidence. Kidney Int. 2022;102:990–9.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 13. Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:S195–207.
Tong D. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFpEF: how old is too old? J Cardiovasc Aging. 2022;2:41.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lunati ME, Cimino V, Gandolfi A, Trevisan M, Montefusco L, Pastore I, et al. SGLT2-inhibitors are effective and safe in the elderly: the SOLD study. Pharmacol Res. 2022;183: 106396.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sinclair AJ, Bode B, Harris S, Vijapurkar U, Shaw W, Desai M, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in individuals aged 75 and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64:543–52.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Amioka M, Kinoshita H, Fuji Y, Nitta K, Yamane K, Shokawa T, et al. Long‐term efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors for elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure: The OASIS‐HF study. ESC Heart Failure. 2025;12:447–55.
Cahn A, Mosenzon O, Wiviott SD, Rozenberg A, Yanuv I, Goodrich EL, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in the elderly: analysis from the DECLARE–TIMI 58 study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:468–75.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Monteiro P, Bergenstal RM, Toural E, Inzucchi SE, Zinman B, Hantel S, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in older patients in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Age Ageing. 2019;48:859–66.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pratley RE, Cannon CP, Cherney DZI, Cosentino F, McGuire DK, Essex MN, et al. Cardiorenal outcomes, kidney function, and other safety outcomes with ertugliflozin in older adults with type 2 diabetes (VERTIS CV): secondary analyses from a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023;4:e143–54.
Peikert A, Martinez FA, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Kulac IJ, Desai AS, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction according to age: the DELIVER trial. Circ Heart Fail [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jan 15];15. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.122.010080.
Martinez FA, Serenelli M, Nicolau JC, Petrie MC, Chiang C-E, Tereshchenko S, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction according to age: insights from DAPA-HF. Circulation. 2020;141:100–11.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yi TW, Smyth B, Di Tanna GL, Arnott C, Cardoza K, Kang A, et al. Kidney and cardiovascular effects of canagliflozin according to age and sex: a post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE randomized clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023;82:84-96.e1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bellary S, Barnett AH. SGLT2 inhibitors in older adults: overcoming the age barrier. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023;4:e127–8.
Engler C, Leo M, Pfeifer B, Juchum M, Chen-Koenig D, Poelzl K, et al. Long-term trends in the prescription of antidiabetic drugs: real-world evidence from the Diabetes Registry Tyrol 2012–2018. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8: e001279.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rigato M, Fadini GP, Avogaro A. Safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:2963–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Aldafas R, Crabtree T, Alkharaiji M, Vinogradova Y, Idris I. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2) in frail or older people with type 2 diabetes and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2024;53:afad254.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, The PRISMA, et al. statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2020;2021: n71.
The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group. empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:117–27.
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;l4898.
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J. 2003;327:557–60.
Filippatos G, Anker SD, Butler J, Farmakis D, Ferreira JP, Gollop ND, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction according to age: a secondary analysis of <scp>EMPEROR-Reduced</scp>. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24:2297–304.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Triposkiadis F, Xanthopoulos A, Butler J. Cardiovascular aging and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:804–13.
Mitnitski A, Howlett SE, Rockwood K. Heterogeneity of Human Aging and Its Assessment. GERONA. 2016;glw089.
Han SJ, Ha KH, Lee N, Kim DJ. Effectiveness and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:682–91.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Vaduganathan M, Docherty KF, Claggett BL, Jhund PS, De Boer RA, Hernandez AF, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: a comprehensive meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2022;400:757–67.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Anker SD, Bakris GL, Bhatt DL, Filippatos G, et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes across various patient populations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81:2377–87.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Baigent C, Emberson Jonathan R, Haynes R, Herrington WG, Judge P, Landray MJ, et al. Impact of diabetes on the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes: collaborative meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2022;400:1788–801.
Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, Neal B, Perkovic V, Billot L, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:845–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Staplin N, Roddick AJ, Emberson J, Reith C, Riding A, Wonnacott A, et al. Net effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibition in different patient groups: a meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled randomized trials. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;41:101163.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kirkman MS, Briscoe VJ, Clark N, Florez H, Haas LB, Halter JB, et al. Diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2650–64.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Memon MM, Khan MS, Rawasia WF, Talha Ayub M, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25:495–502.
Rau M, Thiele K, Hartmann N-UK, Schuh A, Altiok E, Möllmann J, et al. Empagliflozin does not change cardiac index nor systemic vascular resistance but rapidly improves left ventricular filling pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093–104.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Marx N, McGuire DK, Perkovic V, Woerle H-J, Broedl UC, Von Eynatten M, et al. Composite primary end points in cardiovascular outcomes trials involving type 2 diabetes patients: should unstable angina be included in the primary end point? Diabetes Care. 2017;40:1144–51.
Comments (0)