Kaur, R., and G. Chupp. 2019. Phenotypes and endotypes of adult asthma: Moving toward precision medicine. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 144: 1–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bäckhed, F., J. Roswall, Y. Peng, Q. Feng, H. Jia, P. Kovatcheva-Datchary, Y. Li, Y. Xia, H. Xie, H. Zhong, M.T. Khan, J. Zhang, J. Li, L. Xiao, J. Al-Aama, D. Zhang, Y.S. Lee, D. Kotowska, C. Colding, V. Tremaroli, Y. Yin, S. Bergman, X. Xu, L. Madsen, K. Kristiansen, J. Dahlgren, and J. Wang. 2015. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host & Microbe 17: 690–703.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barcik, W., R. Boutin, M. Sokolowska, and B.B. Finlay. 2020. The Role of Lung and Gut Microbiota in the Pathology of Asthma. Immunity 52: 241–255.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teo, S.M., D. Mok, K. Pham, M. Kusel, M. Serralha, N. Troy, B.J. Holt, B.J. Hales, M.L. Walker, E. Hollams, Y.A. Bochkov, K. Grindle, S.L. Johnston, J.E. Gern, P.D. Sly, P.G. Holt, K.E. Holt, and M. Inouye. 2015. The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development. Cell Host & Microbe 17: 704–715.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, C., W. Du, Y. Ni, G. Lan, and G. Shi. 2022. The effect of short-chain fatty acids on M2 macrophages polarization in vitro and in vivo. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 207: 53–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang, J., L. Xu, Y. Zeng, and F. Gong. 2021. Effect of gut microbiota on LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating the TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. International Immunopharmacology 91: 107272.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao, Z., J. Ning, X.Q. Bao, M. Shang, J. Ma, G. Li, and D. Zhang. 2021. Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease mice via suppressing inflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 signaling pathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Microbiome. 9: 226.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou, J.Y., Y.T. Lai, P.T. Ding, M. Liu, N. Li, G.S. Zhang, and R.R. Qiu. 2022. Effect of "joint treatment of lung and intestine”with moxibustion on lung function and airway inflammation in asthmatic rats. Acu Research. 47: 969–974.

Google Scholar 

Accordini, S., V. Cappa, M. Braggion, A.G. Corsico, M. Bugiani, P. Pirina, G. Verlato, S. Villani, and R. de Marco. 2011. The impact of diagnosed and undiagnosed current asthma in the general adult population. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 155: 403–411.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almeshari, M.A., J. Stockley, and E. Sapey. 2021. The diagnosis of asthma. Can physiological tests of small airways function help, Chron Respir Dis. 18: 14799731211053332.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

H. Eke Gungor, U.M. Sahiner, Y. Altuner Torun. 2019. Spirometry in children with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis: comparison of FEF25–75% with the standard measures, Minerva Pediatr. 71:103–109.

Qin, R., J. An, J. Xie, R. Huang, Y. Xie, L. He, H. Xv, G. Qian, and J. Li. 2021. FEF25-75% Is a More Sensitive Measure Reflecting Airway Dysfunction in Patients with Asthma: A Comparison Study Using FEF25-75% and FEV1. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice 9: 3649-3659.e6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D.G. Xisto, L.L. Farias, H.C. Ferreira, M.R. Picanço, D. Amitrano, J.R. Lapa E Silva, E.M. Negri, T. Mauad, D. Carnielli, L.F. Silva, V.L. Capelozzi, D.S. Faffe, W.A. Zin, P.R. Rocco. 2005. Lung parenchyma remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic inflammation, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171:829–837.

Vuolo, F., S.C. Abreu, M. Michels, D.G. Xisto, N.G. Blanco, J.E. Hallak, A.W. Zuardi, J.A. Crippa, C. Reis, M. Bahl, E. Pizzichinni, R. Maurici, M. Pizzichinni, P. Rocco, and F. Dal-Pizzol. 2019. Cannabidiol reduces airway inflammation and fibrosis in experimental allergic asthma. European Journal of Pharmacology 843: 251–259.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

den Otter, J.J., G.M. Reijnen, W.J. van den Bosch, C.P. van Schayck, J. Molema, and C. van Weel. 1997. Testing bronchial hyper-responsiveness: Provocation or peak expiratory flow variability. British Journal of General Practice 47: 487–492.

Google Scholar 

Peebles, R.S., Jr., and M.A. Aronica. 2019. Proinflammatory Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. Clinics in Chest Medicine 40: 29–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amelink, M., J.C. de Groot, S.B. de Nijs, R. Lutter, A.H. Zwinderman, P.J. Sterk, A. ten Brinke, and E.H. Bel. 2013. Severe adult-onset asthma: A distinct phenotype. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 132: 336–341.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holgate, S.T., and R. Polosa. 2008. Treatment strategies for allergy and asthma. Nature Reviews Immunology 8: 218–230.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peters, M.C., and S.E. Wenzel. 2020. Intersection of biology and therapeutics: Type 2 targeted therapeutics for adult asthma. Lancet 395: 371–383.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grunwell, J.R., S.T. Stephenson, R. Tirouvanziam, L. Brown, M.R. Brown, and A.M. Fitzpatrick. 2019. Children with Neutrophil-Predominant Severe Asthma Have Proinflammatory Neutrophils With Enhanced Survival and Impaired Clearance. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice 7: 516-525.e6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weng, Q., C. Zhu, K. Zheng, Y. Wu, L. Dong, Y. Wu, M. Li, J. Shen, S. Ying, H. Shen, Z. Chen, and W. Li. 2020. Early recruited neutrophils promote asthmatic inflammation exacerbation by release of neutrophil elastase. Cellular Immunology 352: 104101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteseirín, J. 2009. Neutrophils and asthma. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 19: 340–354.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpson, J.L., R.J. Scott, M.J. Boyle, and P.G. Gibson. 2005. Differential proteolytic enzyme activity in eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 172: 559–565.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

V.M. McDonald, S.A. Hiles, K. Godbout, E.S. Harvey, G.B. Marks, M. Hew, M. Peters, P.G. Bardin, P.N. Reynolds, J.W. Upham, M. Baraket, Z. Bhikoo, J. Bowden, B. Brockway, L.P. Chung, B. Cochrane, G. Foxley, J. Garrett, L. Jayaram, C. Jenkins, C. Katelaris, G. Katsoulotos, M.S. Koh, V. Kritikos, M. Lambert, D. Langton, A. Lara Rivero, P.G. Middleton, A. Nanguzgambo, N. Radhakrishna, H. Reddel, J. Rimmer, A.M. Southcott, M. Sutherland, F. Thien, P. Wark, I.A. Yang, E. Yap, P.G. Gibson. 2019. Treatable traits can be identified in a severe asthma registry and predict future exacerbations, Respirology. 24:37–47.

Green, R.H., C.E. Brightling, S. McKenna, B. Hargadon, D. Parker, P. Bradding, A.J. Wardlaw, and I.D. Pavord. 2002. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360: 1715–1721.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Busse, W.W., J.F. Maspero, Y. Lu, J. Corren, N.A. Hanania, B.E. Chipps, C.H. Katelaris, J.M. FitzGerald, S. Quirce, L.B. Ford, M.S. Rice, S. Kamat, A.H. Khan, A. Jagerschmidt, S. Harel, P. Rowe, G. Pirozzi, N. Amin, M. Ruddy, N. Graham, and A. Teper. 2020. Efficacy of dupilumab on clinical outcomes in patients with asthma and perennial allergic rhinitis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 125: 565-576.e1.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kambayashi, T., E.J. Allenspach, J.T. Chang, T. Zou, J.E. Shoag, S.L. Reiner, A.J. Caton, and G.A. Koretzky. 1950. Inducible MHC class II expression by mast cells supports effector and regulatory T cell activation, Journal of immunology (Baltimore. MD 182 (2009): 4686–4695.

Google Scholar 

Ying, S., B. O’Connor, J. Ratoff, Q. Meng, K. Mallett, D. Cousins, D. Robinson, G. Zhang, J. Zhao, T.H. Lee, and C. Corrigan. 2005. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity. Journal of Immunology. 174: 8183–8190.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dragon, S., M.S. Rahman, J. Yang, H. Unruh, A.J. Halayko, and A.S. Gounni. 2007. IL-17 enhances IL-1beta-mediated CXCL-8 release from human airway smooth muscle cells. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 292: L1023-1029.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue, L., M. Salimi, I. Panse, J.M. Mjösberg, A.N. McKenzie, H. Spits, P. Klenerman, and G. Ogg. 2014. Prostaglandin D2 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells through chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 133: 1184–1194.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakagome, K., and M. Nagata. 2018. Involvement and Possible Role of Eosinophils in Asthma Exacerbation. Frontiers in Immunology 9: 2220.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith, W.L., Y. Urade, and P.J. Jakobsson. 2011. Enzymes of the cyclooxygenase pathways of prostanoid biosynthesis. Chemical Reviews 111: 5821–5865.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salimi, M., L. Stöger, W. Liu, S. Go, I. Pavord, P. Klenerman, G. Ogg, and L. Xue. 2017. Cysteinyl leukotriene E(4) activates human group 2 innate lymphoid cells and enhances the effect of prostaglandin D(2) and epithelial cytokines. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 140: 1090-1100.e11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carriere, V., L. Roussel, N. Ortega, D.A. Lacorre, L. Americh, L. Aguilar, G. Bouche, and J.P. Girard. 2007. IL-33, the IL-1-like cytokine ligand for ST2 receptor, is a chromatin-associated nuclear factor in vivo. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 282–287.

Article  CAS  PubMed