Inflammatory Association between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health

Papapanou, P. N., M. Sanz, N. Buduneli, T. Dietrich, M. Feres, D. H. Fine, T. F. Flemmig, R. Garcia, W. V. Giannobile, F. Graziani, H. Greenwell, D. Herrera, R. T. Kao, M. Kebschull, D. F. Kinane, K. L. Kirkwood, T. Kocher, K. S. Kornman, P. S. Kumar, B. G. Loos, E. Machtei, H. Meng, A. Mombelli, I. Needleman, S. Offenbacher, G. J. Seymour, R. Teles, and M. S. Tonetti. 2018. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 45 (Suppl 20): S162–S170. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12946.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cullinan, M. P., and G. J. Seymour. 2013. Periodontal disease and systemic illness: Will the evidence ever be enough? Periodontology 2000 (62): 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12007.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arigbede, Abiodun O., B. Osagbemiro Babatope, and M. Kolude Bamidele. 2012. Periodontitis and systemic diseases: A literature review. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 16 (4): 487–491. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.106878.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eke, P. I., B. A. Dye, L. Wei, G. O. Thornton-Evans, and R. J. Genco. 2012. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. Journal of Dental Research 91 (10): 914–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034512457373.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clark, D., E. Kotronia, and S. E. Ramsay. 2021. Frailty, Aging, and Periodontal Disease: Basic Biologic Considerations. Periodontology 2000 87 (1): 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12380.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Botelho, J., V. Machado, Y. Leira, L. Proença, L. Chambrone, and J. J. Mendes. 2022. Economic burden of periodontitis in the United States and Europe: An updated estimation. Journal of Periodontology 93 (3): 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.21-0111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pihlstrom, B. L. 2001. Periodontal risk assessment, diagnosis and treatment planning. Periodontology 2000 (25): 37–58. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.22250104.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Preshaw, P. M., A. L. Alba, D. Herrera, S. Jepsen, A. Konstantinidis, K. Makrilakis, and R. Taylor. 2012. Periodontitis and diabetes: A two-way relationship. Diabetologia 55 (1): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2342-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varoni, E. M., and L. Rimondini. 2022. Oral Microbiome, oral health and systemic health: A multidirectional link. Biomedicines 10 (1): 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010186.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hajishengallis, G., and T. Chavakis. 2021. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nature Reviews Immunology 21 (7): 426–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00488-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kalhan, A. C., M. L. Wong, F. Allen, and X. Gao. 2022. Periodontal disease and systemic health: An update for medical practitioners. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 51 (9): 567574. https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021503.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shiels, M. S., H. A. Katki, N. D. Freedman, M. P. Purdue, N. Wentzensen, B. Trabert, C. M. Kitahara, M. Furr, Y. Li, T. J. Kemp, J. J. Goedert, C. M. Chang, E. A. Engels, N. E. Caporaso, L. A. Pinto, A. Hildesheim, and A. K. Chaturvedi. 2014. Cigarette smoking and variations in systemic immune and inflammation markers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 106 (11): dju294. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju294.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US), and Office on Smoking and Health (US). 2010. How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Chapter 3, chemistry and toxicology of cigarette smoke and biomarkers of exposure and harm. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53014/. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Alotaybi, M., S. S. Alzahrani, A. M. Algethmi, N. S. Alamri, Y. S. Natto, S. T. Hashim, A. Altammar, A. S. Alzubaidi, I. B. Alzahrani, and A. A. Alghamdi. 2022. E-cigarettes and vaping: A smoking cessation method or another smoking innovation? Cureus 14 (12): e32435. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32435.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US), Office on Smoking and Health. 2016. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Chapter 1, "Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical Background Relative to E-Cigarettes." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538684/. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Rom, O., A. Pecorelli, G. Valacchi, and A. Z. Reznick. 2015. Are e-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1340:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12609.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madi, M., S. Smith, S. Alshehri, O. Zakaria, and K. Almas. 2023. Influence of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (7): 5368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075368.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomar, S. L., and S. Asma. 2000. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: Findings from NHANES III. National health and nutrition examination survey. Journal of Periodontology 71 (5): 743–751. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calsina, G., J. M. Ramón, and J. J. Echeverría. 2002. Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29 (8): 771–776. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290815.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson, G. K., and M. Hill. 2004. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. Journal of Periodontology 75 (2): 196–209. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2004.75.2.196.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borojevic, T. 2012. Smoking and periodontal disease. Materia Socio-Medica 24 (4): 274–276. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2012.24.274-276.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reus, W. F., M. C. Robson, L. Zachary, and J. P. Heggers. 1984. Acute effects of tobacco smoking on blood flow in the cutaneous micro-circulation. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 37 (2): 213–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(84)90011-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang, Y., X. Zhou, L. Cheng, and M. Li. 2020. The impact of smoking on subgingival microflora: From periodontal health to disease. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00066.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stemmelin, G. R., C. A. Doti, C. M. Shanley, J. M. Ceresetto, O. M. Rabinovich, M. A. Vicente Reparaz, M. G. Vukovic, and E. O. Bullorsky. 2004. Smoking as a cause for mild chronic neutrophilia. Blood 104 (11): 3796. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V104.11.3796.3796.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tanni, S. E., N. R. Pelegrino, A. Y. Angeleli, M. Correa, A. Godoy, and I. D. Godoy. 2010. Smoking status and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated systemic inflammation in COPD patients. Journal of Inflammation 7:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-7-29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mullally, B. H. 2004. The influence of tobacco smoking on the onset of periodontitis in young persons. Tobacco Induced Diseases 2:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-2-2-53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alexandridi, F., S. Tsantila, and E. Pepelassi. 2017. smoking cessation and response to periodontal treatment. Australian Dental Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12568.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganesan, S. M., L. A. Joshi, I. Chittur, S. S. Huja, and D. Saxena. 2020. Adverse effects of electronic cigarettes on the disease-naive oral microbiome. Science Advances 6 (22): eaaz0108. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0108.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Charde, P., K. Ali, and N. Hamdan. 2024. Effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal health: A scoping review. PLOS Global Public Health 4 (3): e0002311. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002311.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohajeri, A., M. S. Lipsky, R. Hegde, J. Chiang, and M. Hung. 2024. Electronic nicotine delivery systems use and periodontal health—findings from the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Healthcare 12:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010025.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif