Berezow AB, Darveau RP. Microbial shift and periodontitis. Periodontol. 2000;2011:36–47.

Google Scholar 

Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Goodson JM, et al. New concepts of destructive periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1984;11:21–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Attachment level changes in destructive periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:461–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodson JM, Tanner AC, Haffajee AD, et al. Patterns of progression and regression of advanced destructive periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1982;9:472–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Shammari KF, Neiva RF, Hill RW, Wang H. Surgical and non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontal disease. Int Chin J Dent. 2002;2:15–32.

Google Scholar 

Carranza FA, Bernard GW. The tooth-supporting structures. In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Carranza FA, editors. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontolgy. 9th ed. USA: Saunders; 2002. p. 35–57.

Google Scholar 

Van der Weijden GAF, Dekkers GJ, Slot DE. Success of non-surgical periodontal therapy in adult periodontitis patients: a retrospective analysis. Int J Dent Hyg. 2019;17:309–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galli M, Yao Y, Giannobile WV, Wang HL. Current and future trends in periodontal tissue engineering and bone regeneration. Plast Aesthet Res. 2021;8:3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bartold PM, Shi S, Gronthos S. Stem cells and periodontal regeneration. Periodontology 2006. 2006;40:164–72.

Google Scholar 

Giannobile WV, Lee CS, Tomala MP, Tejeda KM, Zhu Z. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gene delivery for application in periodontal tissue engineering. J Periodontol. 2001;72:815–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Egusa H, Sonoyama W, Nishimura M, Atsuta I, Akiyama K. Stem cells in dentistry—Part I: stem cell sources. J Prosthodont Res. 2012;56:151–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melcher AH. Cells of periodontium: their role in the healing of wounds. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1985;67:130–1.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Du L, Yang P, Ge S. Isolation and characterization of gingiva derived mesenchymal stem cells using limiting dilution method. J Dent Sci. 2016;11:304–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Macrin D, Joseph JP, Pillai AA, Devi A. Eminent sources of adult mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutic imminence. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2017;13:741–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fawzy El-Sayed KM, Dörfer CE. Gingival mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells: a unique tissue engineering gem. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:7154327.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Venkatesh D, Kumar KPM, Alur JB. Gingival mesenchymal stem cells. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2017;21:296–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Shi S, Liu Y, Uyanne J, Shi Y, Shi S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human gingiva are capable of immunomodulatory functions and ameliorate inflammation-related tissue destruction in experimental colitis. J Immunol. 2009;183:7787–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tomar GB, Srivastava RK, Gupta N, Barhanpurkar AP, Pote ST, Jhaveri HM, et al. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells are superior to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;393:377–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang L, Li N, Xie H, Jin Y. Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human normal and hyperplastic gingiva. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226:832–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ge S, Mrozik KM, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cell-like cells from healthy and inflamed gingival tissue: potential use for clinical therapy. Regen Med. 2012;7:819–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fawzy El-Sayed KM, Paris S, Graetz C, Kassem N, Mekhemar M, Ungefroren H, et al. Isolation and characterization of human gingival margin-derived STRO-1/MACS+ and MACS− cell populations. Int J Oral Sci. 2015;7:80–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jin SH, Lee JE, Yun JH, Kim I, Ko Y, Park JB. Isolation and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells from gingival connective tissue. J Periodontal Res. 2015;50:461–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu X, Chen C, Akiyama K, Chai Y, Le AD, Wang Z, Shi S. Gingivae contain neural- crest- and mesoderm-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Dent Res. 2013;92:825–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murphy KC, Hoch AI, Harvestine JN, Zhou D, Leach JK. Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids retain osteogenic phenotype through alpha2beta1 signaling. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2016;5:1229–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bartosh TJ, Ylöstalo JH, Mohammadipoor A, Bazhanov N, Coble K, Claypool K, et al. Aggregation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into 3D spheroids enhances their anti-inflammatory properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:13724–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li TS, Cheng K, Lee ST, Matsushita S, Davis D, Malliaras K, et al. Cardiospheres recapitulate a niche-like microenvironment rich in stemness and cell-matrix interactions, rationalizing their enhanced functional potency for myocardial repair. Stem Cells. 2010;28:2088–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Itaka K, Ohba SB, Nishiyama N, Chung U, Yamasak Y, et al. 3D spheroid culture system on micro-patterned substrates for improved differentiation efficiency of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials. 2009;30:2705–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhang SH, Cho SW, La WG, Lee TJ, Yang HS, Sun AY, et al. Angiogenesis in ischemic tissue produced by spheroid grafting of human adipose-derived stromal cells. Biomaterials. 2011;32:2734–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Nguyen AL, Shi S, Hill C, Wilder-Smith P, Krasieva TB, et al. Three-dimensional spheroid culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances mitigation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Stem Cells Dev. 2012;21:937–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umezaki Y, Hashimoto Y, Nishishita N, Kawamata S, Baba S. Human gingival integration-free iPSCs; a source for MSC-like cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:13633–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hynes K, Menicanin D, Mrozik K, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Generation of functional mesenchymal stem cells from different induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23:1084–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin X, Li Y, Li J, Li P, Liu Y, Wen J, et al. Generation, and periodontal differentiation of human gingival fibroblasts-derived integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells. BiochemBiophys Res Commun. 2016;473:726–32.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ji J, Tong X, Huang X, Wang T, Lin Z, Cao Y, et al. Sphere shaped nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan/gelatin 3D porous scaffolds increase proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from gingival fibroblasts. Biomed Mater. 2015;10: 045005.

Article  PubMed