Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al (2010) Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 39:412–423. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mayhew AJ, Amog K, Phillips S et al (2019) The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age Ageing 48:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy106

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petermann-Rocha F, Balntzi V, Gray SR et al (2022) Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13:86–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vellas B, Fielding RA, Bens C et al (2018) Implications of ICD-10 for sarcopenia clinical practice and clinical trials: report by the international conference on frailty and sarcopenia research task force. J Frailty Aging 7:2–9

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

2023 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code M62.84: Sarcopenia. https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/M00-M99/M60-M63/M62-/M62.84. Accessed 5 Jan 2023

Sayer AA, Syddall H, Martin H et al (2008) The developmental origins of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 12:427–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982703

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Gilbody HJ et al (2004) Does sarcopenia originate in early life? Findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59:M930-934. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/59.9.m930

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walston JD (2012) Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol 24:623–627. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e328358d59b

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang L, Smith L, Hamer M (2019) Gender-specific risk factors for incident sarcopenia: 8-year follow-up of the English longitudinal study of ageing. J Epidemiol Community Health 73:86–88. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211258

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geraci A, Calvani R, Ferri E et al (2021) Sarcopenia and menopause: the role of estradiol. Front Endocrinol 12:682012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.682012

Article  Google Scholar 

Bondarev D, Finni T, Kokko K et al (2021) Physical performance during the menopausal transition and the role of physical activity. J Gerontol Ser A 76:1587–1590. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa292

Article  Google Scholar 

Duval K, Prud’homme D, Rabasa-Lhoret R et al (2014) Effects of the menopausal transition on dietary intake and appetite: a MONET Group Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 68:271–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.171

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gould LM, Gordon AN, Cabre HE et al (2022) Metabolic effects of menopause: a cross-sectional characterization of body composition and exercise metabolism. Menopause N Y N 29:377–389. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001932

Article  Google Scholar 

Green KL, Cameron R, Polivy J et al (1997) Weight dissatisfaction and weight loss attempts among Canadian adults. Canadian heart health surveys research group. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J 157(1):17–25

Google Scholar 

Liu S, Zhang L, Li S (2023) Advances in nutritional supplementation for sarcopenia management. Front Nutr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1189522

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robinson SM, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R et al (2018) Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl 37:1121–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.016

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jang E-H, Han Y-J, Jang S-E, Lee S (2021) Association between Diet quality and sarcopenia in older adults: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Life Basel Switz 11:811. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080811

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Granic A, Sayer AA, Robinson SM (2019) Dietary patterns, skeletal muscle health, and sarcopenia in older adults. Nutrients 11:745. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040745

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petroni ML, Caletti MT, Dalle Grave R et al (2019) Prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity in women. Nutrients 11:1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061302

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rizzoli R, Stevenson JC, Bauer JM et al (2014) The role of dietary protein and vitamin D in maintaining musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women: a consensus statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Maturitas 79:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee Y-S (2005) Gender differences in physical activity and walking among older adults. J Women Aging 17:55–70. https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v17n01_05

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The Global Status Report on Physical Activity 2022. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/physical-activity/global-status-report-on-physical-activity-2022. Accessed 23 Oct 2023

Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC (2018) Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health 6:e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruyère O, Beaudart C, Locquet M et al (2016) Sarcopenia as a public health problem. Eur Geriatr Med 7:272–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2015.12.002

Article  Google Scholar 

Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M et al (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 4:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scanlan C Critical Review Form – Quantitative Studies

Bukhari SSI, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ et al (2015) Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 308:E1056–E1065. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Devries MC, McGlory C, Bolster DR et al (2018) Leucine, not total protein, content of a supplement is the primary determinant of muscle protein anabolic responses in healthy older women. J Nutr 148(7):1088–1095

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Negro M, Perna S, Spadaccini D et al (2019) Effects of 12 Weeks of Essential Amino Acids (EAA)-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplementation on muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle power and fatigue in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized controlled double-blind study. J Nutr Health Aging 23:414–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1163-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silva TR, Lago SC, Yavorivski A et al (2021) Effects of high protein, low-glycemic index diet on lean body mass, strength, and physical performance in late postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause 28:307–317. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001692

Article  Google Scholar 

Ullevig SL, Zuniga K, Austin Lobitz C et al (2022) Egg protein supplementation improved upper body muscle strength and protein intake in community-dwelling older adult females who attended congregate meal sites or adult learning centers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Nutr Health 28:611–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060211051592

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu K, Kerr DA, Meng X et al (2015) Two-Year whey protein supplementation did not enhance muscle mass and physical function in well-nourished healthy older postmenopausal women. J Nutr 145:2520–2526. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.218297

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cangussu LM, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti CL et al (2015) Effect of vitamin D supplementation alone on muscle function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 26:2413–2421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3151-9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kheyruri F, Sarrafzadeh J, Hosseini AF et al (2021) Randomized study of the effects of Vitamin D and magnesium Co-supplementation on muscle strength and function, body composition, and inflammation in Vitamin D-deficient middle-aged women. Biol Trace Elem Res 199:2523–2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moslehi N, Vafa M, Sarrafzadeh J, Rahimi-Foroushani A (2013) Does magnesium supplementation improve body composition and muscle strength in middle-aged overweight women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 153:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9672-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suebthawinkul C, Panyakhamlerd K, Yotnuengnit P et al (2018) The effect of vitamin D2 supplementation on muscle strength in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Climacteric 21:491–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1480600

Article  CAS  PubMed