Sessler, D. I. Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation. Anesthesiology 109, 318–338 (2008).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rothhaas, R. & Chung, S. Role of the preoptic area in sleep and thermoregulation. Front. Neurosci. 15, 664781 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan, C. L. et al. Warm-sensitive neurons that control body temperature. Cell 167, 47–59 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lazarus, M. et al. EP3 prostaglandin receptors in the median preoptic nucleus are critical for fever responses. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1131–1133 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Machado, N. L. S. et al. Preoptic EP3R neurons constitute a two-way switch for fever and torpor. Nature 644, 463–472 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roth, J. & Blatteis, C. M. Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: lessons from experimental LPS fever. Compr. Physiol. 4, 1563–1604 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El-Radhi, A. S. in Clinical Manual of Fever in Children (ed. El-Radhi, A. S.) 53–68 (Springer, 2018).

Cheung, S. S., McLellan, T. M. & Tenaglia, S. The thermophysiology of uncompensable heat stress. Physiological manipulations and individual characteristics. Sports Med. 29, 329–359 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nielsen, B. & Nybo, L. Cerebral changes during exercise in the heat. Sports Med. 33, 1–11 (2003).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freedman, R. R. Physiology of hot flashes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13, 453–464 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freedman, R. R. Menopausal hot flashes: mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 142, 115–120 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dwyer, E. R., Maki, P. M., Katz, R., Mallampalli, M. P. & Reed, S. D. Menopause symptom burden and management across rural, suburban, and urban settings in a US population. Menopause 32, 23–30 (2025).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thurston, R. C. & Joffe, H. Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the Study of Women’s Health across the Nation. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. 38, 489–501 (2011).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bansal, R. & Aggarwal, N. Menopausal hot flashes: a concise review. J. Midlife Health 10, 6–13 (2019).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gold, E. B. et al. Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women’s health across the nation. Am. J. Public. Health 96, 1226–1235 (2006).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Avis, N. E. et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern. Med. 175, 531–539 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Avis, N. E., Crawford, S. L. & Green, R. Vasomotor symptoms across the menopause transition: differences among women. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. 45, 629–640 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kligman, L. & Younus, J. Management of hot flashes in women with breast cancer. Curr. Oncol. 17, 81–86 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harle, L. K., Maggio, M., Shahani, S., Braga-Basaria, M. & Basaria, S. Endocrine complications of androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Clin. Adv. Hematol. Oncol. 4, 687–696 (2006).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karling, P., Hammar, M. & Varenhorst, E. Prevalence and duration of hot flushes after surgical or medical castration in men with prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. 152, 1170–1173 (1994).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gerber, G. S., Zagaja, G. P., Ray, P. S. & Rukstalis, D. B. Transdermal estrogen in the treatment of hot flushes in men with prostate cancer. Urology 55, 97–101 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russell, N., Hoermann, R., Cheung, A. S., Zajac, J. D. & Grossmann, M. Effects of oestradiol treatment on hot flushes in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 187, 617–627 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodman, R. L., Herbison, A. E., Lehman, M. N. & Navarro, V. M. Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: pulsatile and surge modes of secretion. J. Neuroendocrinol. 34, e13094 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koysombat, K. et al. Kisspeptin and neurokinin B: roles in reproductive health. Physiol. Rev. 105, 707–764 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, J. T., Cunningham, M. J., Rissman, E. F., Clifton, D. K. & Steiner, R. A. Regulation of Kiss1 gene expression in the brain of the female mouse. Endocrinology 146, 3686–3692 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, J. T. et al. Differential regulation of KiSS-1 mRNA expression by sex steroids in the brain of the male mouse. Endocrinology 146, 2976–2984 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McQuillan, H. J. et al. Definition of the estrogen negative feedback pathway controlling the GnRH pulse generator in female mice. Nat. Commun. 13, 7433 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moore, A. M., Lohr, D. B., Coolen, L. M. & Lehman, M. N. Prenatal androgen exposure alters KNDy neurons and their afferent network in a model of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Endocrinology 162, bqab158 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith, J. T., Clay, C. M., Caraty, A. & Clarke, I. J. KiSS-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the hypothalamus of the ewe is regulated by sex steroids and season. Endocrinology 148, 1150–1157 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han, S. Y. et al. Mechanism of kisspeptin neuron synchronization for pulsatile hormone secretion in male mice. Cell Rep. 42, 111914 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris, P. G. & Herbison, A. E. Mechanism of arcuate kisspeptin neuron synchronization in acute brain slices from female mice. Endocrinology 164, bqaf127 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Goodman, R. L. et al. Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the ewe express both dynorphin A and neurokinin B. Endocrinology 148, 5752–5760 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehman, M. N., Coolen, L. M. & Goodman, R. L. Minireview: kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) cells of the arcuate nucleus: a central node in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 151, 3479–3489 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central