Quantum-inspired fused explainable deep learning framework for early enamel caries classification in intraoral photographs

Rösing CK, Randall C, Giacaman RA. Editorial: dental caries and periodontal diseases as non-communicable chronic diseases. Front Oral Health. 2022;3:1113029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warreth A. Dental caries and its management. Int J Dent. 2023;2023:9365845.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez-Valenzuela RE, Mettes P, Loos BG, Marquering H, Berkhout E. Accuracy of deep learning-based AI models for early caries lesion detection: the influence of annotation quality and reference choice. Clin Oral Investig. 2025;29(12):598.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Savas S, Bitisik IN, Izgi M, Kucukyilmaz E. An in vitro comparison of different caries-detection methods in primary-molars. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1934.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Magalhães AA, Santos AT. Advancements in diagnostic methods and imaging technologies in dentistry: a literature review of emerging approaches. J Clin Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041277.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jafer M, Ibraheem W, Dawood T, Abbas A, Hakami K, Khurayzi T, et al. The application and performance of artificial intelligence (AI) models in the diagnosis, classification, and prediction of periodontal diseases: a systematic review. Diagnostics Basel. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243247.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

White JM, Nahar P, Kukreti P, Mangum J, Solterbeck A, Jensen R, et al. Assessment of two novel methods for detecting non-cavitated, smooth surface enamel lesions: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):843.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tashkandi AK, Jiffri SO, Albalawi RM, Albukhari SA, Mugharbil SA, Yeslam HE. Detection of proximal dental caries in primary teeth with a near-infrared-irradiation-assisted intraoral scanner: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):270.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sohrabniya F, Hassanzadeh-Samani S, Ourang SA, Jafari B, Farzinnia G, Gorjinejad F, et al. Exploring a decade of deep learning in dentistry: a comprehensive mapping review. Clin Oral Investig. 2025;29(2):143.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwendicke F, Tichy A. The expanding role of AI in dentistry: beyond image analysis. Br Dent J. 2025;238(10):800–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samaranayake L, Tuygunov N, Schwendicke F, Osathanon T, Khurshid Z, Boymuradov SA, et al. The transformative role of artificial intelligence in dentistry: a comprehensive overview. Part 1: fundamentals of AI, and its contemporary applications in dentistry. Int Dent J. 2025;75(2):383–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tuygunov N, Samaranayake L, Khurshid Z, Rewthamrongsris P, Schwendicke F, Osathanon T, et al. The transformative role of artificial intelligence in dentistry: a comprehensive overview Part 2: the promise and perils, and the International Dental Federation communique. Int Dent J. 2025;75(2):397–404.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhattacharjee N. Automated dental cavity detection system using deep learning and explainable AI. AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc. 2022;2022:140–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asiri FYI. Automated classification of enamel caries from intraoral images using deep learning models: a diagnostic study. J Clin Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248959.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Himel GMSI, Md Masudul, Hannan UH. Caries-spectra: a dataset of enamel caries. V2 ed. Mendeley Data. 2023.

Khurshid Z, Osathanon T, Shire MA, Schwendicke F, Samaranayake L. Artificial intelligence in dentistry: a concise review of reporting checklists and guidelines. Int Dent J. 2026;76(1):109322.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tejani AS, Klontzas ME, Gatti AA, Mongan JT, Moy L, Park SH, et al. Checklist for artificial intelligence in medical imaging (CLAIM): 2024 update. Radiol Artif Intell. 2024;6(4):e240300.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rivera SC, Liu X, Chan A-W, Denniston AK, Calvert MJ, Ashrafian H, et al. Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the SPIRIT-AI extension. Lancet Digital Health. 2020;2(10):e549–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cohen JF, Korevaar DA, Altman DG, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Hooft L, et al. STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration. BMJ Open. 2016;6(11):e012799.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilkinson MD, Dumontier M, Aalbersberg IJ, Appleton G, Axton M, Baak A, et al. The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci Data. 2016;3:160018.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berghammer K, Litzenburger F, Heck K, Kunzelmann KH. Attenuation of near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared light in sound and carious human enamel and dentin. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(9):5847–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma A, Shrivastava BP, Priya A. Multilevel progressive recursive dilated networks with correlation filter (MPRDNCF) for image super-resolution. Multimedia Syst. 2023;29(5):2455–67.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wisaeng K, Muangmeesri B. A computational intelligence approach for classifying dental caries in X-ray images using integrated fuzzy C-means clustering with feature reduction and a weighted matrix scheme. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):5000.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asghar S, Rashid J, Masood A. CariesXplainer: enhancing dental caries detection using gradient-weighted class activation mapping and transfer learning. Multimed Tools Appl. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-025-21001-y.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jin Q, Xie J. Enhancing the representational capacity and scalability of ResNet architectures based on spiking neural networks. J Supercomput. 2025;81(17):1577.

Article  Google Scholar 

Islam MT, Rahman MA, Mazumder MTR, Shourov SH. Comparative analysis of neural network architectures for medical image classification: evaluating performance across diverse models. Am J Adv Technol Eng Solut. 2024;4(01):01–42.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hassija V, Chamola V, Mahapatra A, Singal A, Goel D, Huang K, et al. Interpreting black-box models: a review on explainable artificial intelligence. Cogn Comput. 2024;16(1):45–74.

Article  Google Scholar 

Adadi A, Berrada M. Peeking inside the black-box: a survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). IEEE Access. 2018;6:52138–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thanh MTG, Van Toan N, Ngoc VTN, Tra NT, Giap CN, Nguyen DM. Deep learning application in dental caries detection using intraoral photos taken by smartphones. Appl Sci. 2022;12(11):5504.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee J-H, Kim D-H, Jeong S-N, Choi S-H. Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm. J Dent. 2018;77:106–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan R, Zhu X, Chen S, Zhang J, Liu Z, Li Z, et al. Caries lesions diagnosis with deep convolutional neural network in intraoral QLF images by handheld device. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):754.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pornprasertsuk-Damrongsri S, Vachmanus S, Papasratorn D, Kitisubkanchana J, Chaikantha S, Arayasantiparb R, et al. Clinical application of deep learning for enhanced multistage caries detection in panoramic radiographs. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):33491.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marwaha J, Nath A, Singla M, Arya A. An end-to-end deep-learning system for segmentation and classification of dental caries from radiovisiography images. J Conserv Dent Endod. 2025;28(11):1133–8.

PubMed 

Comments (0)

No login
gif