Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR (2017) Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2032–2045. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11491116

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watanabe K, Sato E, Mishima E, Miyazaki M, Tanaka T (2023) What’s new in the molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease: recent advances. Int J Mol Sci 24:570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010570

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Giardino I, Edelstein D, Brownlee M (1996) Bcl-2 expression or antioxidants prevent hyperglycaemia-induced formation of intracellular advanced glycation endproducts in bovine endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 97:1422–1428. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI118563

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Naito Y, Akagiri S, Uchiyama K, Kokura S, Yoshida N, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Ichikawa H, Toyokuni S, Ijichi T, Yoshikawa T (2005) Reduction of diabetes-induced renal oxidative stress by a cantaloupe melon extract/gliadin biopolymers, oxykine, in mice. BioFactors 23:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520230204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Vincenzo A, Tana C, El Hadi H, Pagano C, Vettor R, Rossato M (2019) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols: clinical implications for vitamin E supplementation in diabetic kidney disease. Int J Mol Sci 20:5101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205101

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yaribeygi H, Hemmati MA, Nasimi F, Maleki M, Jamialahmadi T, Reiner I, Reiner Ž, Sahebkar A (2023) Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor empagliflozin increases antioxidative capacity and improves renal function in diabetic rats. J Clin Med 12(11):3815. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113815

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Huang Q, Zhao D, Lian F, Li X, Qi W (2023) The impact of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction on diabetic microvascular complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1112363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1112363

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP, Giardino I, Brownlee M (2000) Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 404:787–790. https://doi.org/10.1038/35008121

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bolignano D, Cernaro V, Gembillo G, Baggetta R, Buemi M, D’Arrigo G (2017) Antioxidant agents for delaying diabetic kidney disease progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 12:e0178699. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178699

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duni A, Liakopoulos V, Roumeliotis S, Peschos D, Dounousi E (2019) Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and evolution of chronic kidney disease: untangling Ariadne’s thread. Int J Mol Sci 20:3711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153711

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang P, Li T, Wu X, Nice EC, Huang C, Zhang Y (2020) Oxidative stress and diabetes: antioxidative strategies. Front Med 14:583–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-019-0729-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macena ML, Nunes LFDS, da Silva AF, Pureza IROM, Praxedes DRS, Santos JCF, Bueno NB (2022) Effects of dietary polyphenols in the glycaemic, renal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 80:2237–2259. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac035

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sato N, Li W, Takemoto H, Takeuchi M, Nakamura A, Tokura E, Akahane C, Ueno K, Komatsu K, Kuriyama N, Onoda T, Higai K, Koike K (2019) Comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant effects of Japanese Kampo medicines led to identification of Tsudosan formulation as a potent antioxidant agent. J Nat Med 73:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-018-1259-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirayama A, Oowada S, Ito H, Matsui H, Ueda A, Aoyagi K (2018) Clinical significance of redox effects of Kampo formulae, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine: comprehensive estimation of multiple antioxidative activities. J Clin Biochem Nutr 62:39–48. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.17-59

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saegusa Y, Sugiyama A, Takahara A, Nagasawa Y, Hashimoto K (2003) Relationship between phosphodiesterase inhibition induced by several Kampo medicines and smooth muscle relaxation of gastrointestinal tract tissues of rats. J Pharmacol Sci 93(1):62–68. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.93.62

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hattori T, Nishimura H, Kase Y, Takeda S (2008) Saireito and saikosaponin D prevent urinary protein excretion via glucocorticoid receptor in adrenalectomized WKY rats with heterologous-phase anti-GBM nephritis. Nephron Physiol 109:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000142397

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Provenzano M, Rotundo S, Chiodini P, Gagliardi I, Michael A, Angotti E, Borrelli S, Serra R, Foti D, De Sarro G, Andreucci M (2020) Contribution of predictive and prognostic biomarkers to clinical research on chronic kidney disease. Int J Mol Sci 21:5846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165846

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vodošek Hojs N, Bevc S, Ekart R, Hojs R (2020) Oxidative stress markers in chronic kidney disease with emphasis on diabetic nephropathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 9:925. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100925

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colhoun HM, Marcovecchio ML (2018) Biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia 61:996–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4567-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeni L, Norden AGW, Cancarini G, Unwin RJ (2017) A more tubulocentric view of diabetic kidney disease. J Nephrol 30:701–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-017-0423-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Toyokuni S, Tanaka T, Hattori Y, Nishiyama Y, Yoshida A, Uchida K, Hiai H, Ochi H, Osawa T (1997) Quantitative immunohistochemical determination of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine by a monoclonal antibody N45.1: its application to ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced renal carcinogenesis model. Lab Invest 76:365–374

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okazaki Y, Iqbal M, Kawakami N, Yamamoto Y, Toyokuni S, Okada S (2010) A beverage containing fermented black soybean ameliorates ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced renal oxidative damage in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 47:198–207. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.10-52

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakamoto H, Nakayama K, Emoto N, Kajiya F (2015) The short-term effects of C-peptide on the early diabetes-related ultrastructural changes to the podocyte slit diaphragm of glomeruli in rats. Microcirculation 22:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12185

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tryggvason K, Patrakka J, Wartiovaara J (2006) Hereditary proteinuria syndromes and mechanisms of proteinuria. N Engl J Med 354:1387–1401. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra052131

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rasband WS, ImageJ. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. https://imagej.net/ij/features.html

Bailey CJ, Day C, Bellary S (2022) Renal protection with SGLT2 inhibitors: effects in acute and chronic kidney disease. Curr Diab Rep 22:39–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01442-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cowie MR, Fisher M (2020) SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit beyond glycaemic control. Nat Rev Cardiol 17:761–772. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0406-8

Article  CAS  PubMed