Kazandjian D. Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: a unique malignancy. Semin Oncol. 2016;43(6):676–81.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bladé J, Fernández De Larrea C, Rosiñol L, Cibeira MT, Jiménez R, Powles R. Soft-tissue plasmacytomas in multiple myeloma: incidence, mechanisms of extramedullary spread, and treatment approach. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(28):3805–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pour L, Sevcikova S, Greslikova H, Kupska R, Majkova P, Zahradova L, et al. Soft-tissue extramedullary multiple myeloma prognosis is significantly worse in comparison to bone-related extramedullary relapse. Haematologica. 2014;99(2):360–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bladé J, Beksac M, Caers J, Jurczyszyn A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Moreau P, et al. Extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a systematic literature review. Blood Cancer J. 2022;12(3):45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu K, Agbuduwe C, Kanellias N, Wilson W, McMillan A, Papanikolaou X, et al. Bone-independent extramedullary disease is associated with inferior overall survival in multiple myeloma patients: a single-center, real-world experience. Haematologica. 2025;110(5):1182–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosiñol L, Beksac M, Zamagni E, Van de Donk N, Anderson KC, Badros A, et al. Expert review on soft-tissue plasmacytomas in multiple myeloma: definition, disease assessment and treatment considerations. Br J Haematol. 2021;194(3):496–507.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinstock M, Ghobrial IM. Extramedullary multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(6):1135–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caers J, Paiva B, Zamagni E, Leleu X, Bladé J, Kristinsson SY, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and response assessment in solitary plasmacytoma: updated recommendations from a European Expert Panel. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhutani M, Foureau DM, Atrash S, Voorhees PM, Usmani SZ. Extramedullary multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2020;34(1):1–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zolnowski D, Karp S, Warncke P, Zinn J, Pannach M, Herbst R, et al. Challenges in the treatment of soft-tissue plasmacytoma: a retrospective analysis of 120 patients with extramedullary multiple myeloma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2024;150(10): 482.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fernández De Larrea C, Kyle R, Rosiñol L, Paiva B, Engelhardt M, Usmani S, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia: consensus definition by the International Myeloma Working Group according to peripheral blood plasma cell percentage. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(12):192.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Short KD, Rajkumar SV, Larson D, Buadi F, Hayman S, Dispenzieri A, et al. Incidence of extramedullary disease in patients with multiple myeloma in the era of novel therapy, and the activity of pomalidomide on extramedullary myeloma. Leukemia. 2011;25(6):906–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2024;99(9):1802–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dimopoulos MA, Hillengass J, Usmani S, Zamagni E, Lentzsch S, Davies FE, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus statement. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(6):657–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bansal R, Rakshit S, Kumar S. Extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(9):161.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varga C, Xie W, Laubach J, Ghobrial IM, O’Donnell EK, Weinstock M, et al. Development of extramedullary myeloma in the era of novel agents: no evidence of increased risk with lenalidomide-bortezomib combinations. Br J Haematol. 2015;169(6):843–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beksac M, Seval GC, Kanellias N, Coriu D, Rosiñol L, Ozet G, et al. A real world multicenter retrospective study on extramedullary disease from Balkan Myeloma Study Group and Barcelona University: analysis of parameters that improve outcome. Haematologica. 2020;105(1):201–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vande Broek I, Vanderkerken K, Van Camp B, Van Riet I. Extravasation and homing mechanisms in multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Metas. 2008;25(4):325–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Garcés JJ, San-Miguel J, Paiva B. Biological characterization and clinical relevance of circulating tumor cells: opening the Pandora’s box of multiple myeloma. Cancers (Basel). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061430.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McAvera R, Quinn J, Murphy P, Glavey S. Genetic abnormalities in extramedullary multiple myeloma. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411259.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

John M, Helal M, Duell J, Mattavelli G, Stanojkovska E, Afrin N, et al. Spatial transcriptomics reveals profound subclonal heterogeneity and T-cell dysfunction in extramedullary myeloma. Blood. 2024;144(20):2121–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SE, Kim JH, Jeon YW, Yoon JH, Shin SH, Eom KS, et al. Impact of extramedullary plasmacytomas on outcomes according to treatment approach in newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 2015;94(3):445–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho M; Paruzzo L; Minehart J; Nabar N; Noll JH; Luo T, et al. Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma: Challenges and Opportunities. Current oncology Toronto Ont. 2025;32(3).

Gulla A, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: the (r)evolution of current therapy and a glance into future. Haematologica. 2020;105(10):2358–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakamoto-Matsubara R, Nardi V, Horick N, Fukushima T, Han RS, Shome R, et al. Integration of clinical outcomes and molecular features in extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2024;14(1):224.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bingham N, Shah J, Wong D, Lim SL, Bergin K, Kalff A, et al. Whole genome sequencing and the genetics of extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2025;15(1):5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jelinek T, Zihala D, Sevcikova T, Anilkumar Sithara A, Kapustova V, Sahinbegovic H, et al. Beyond the marrow: insights from comprehensive next-generation sequencing of extramedullary multiple myeloma tumors. Leukemia. 2024;38(6):1323–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alsayed Y, Ngo H, Runnels J, Leleu X, Singha UK, Pitsillides CM, et al. Mechanisms of regulation of CXCR4/SDF-1 (CXCL12)-dependent migration and homing in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2007;109(7):2708–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roccaro AM, Mishima Y, Sacco A, Moschetta M, Tai YT, Shi J, et al. CXCR4 regulates extra-medullary myeloma through epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-like transcriptional activation. Cell Rep. 2015;12(4):622–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dahl IM, Rasmussen T, Kauric G, Husebekk A. Differential expression of CD56 and CD44 in the evolution of extramedullary myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2002;116(2):273–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hathi D, Chanswangphuwana C, Cho N, Fontana F, Maji D, Ritchey J, et al. Ablation of VLA4 in multiple myeloma cells redirects tumor spread and prolongs survival. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1): 30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central