Tsai CY, Yang LY, Chen KT, Chiu WC. The influence of masticatory hypofunction on developing rat craniofacial structure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39(6):593–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2010.02.011.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yonemitsu I, Muramoto T, Soma K. The influence of masseter activity on rat mandibular growth. Arch Oral Biol. 2007;52(5):487–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.10.019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moss ML, Rankow RM. The role of the functional matrix in mandibular growth. Angle Orthod. 1968;38(2):95–103. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1968)038%3c0095:Trotfm%3e2.0.Co;2.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. 1987;219(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092190104.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dutra EH, O’Brien MH, Lima A, et al. Cellular and matrix response of the mandibular condylar cartilage to botulinum toxin. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0164599. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164599.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li S, Mei L, Chen Q, Gao K, Zheng W, Li Y. Unilateral injection of botulinum toxin type A into the masseter muscle induces mandibular asymmetry in adolescent rats by suppressing the angular process growth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2024;165(2):232–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.09.009.

Article  Google Scholar 

Park C, Park K, Kim J. Growth effects of botulinum toxin type A injected unilaterally into the masseter muscle of developing rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2015;16(1):46–51. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1400192.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seok H, Kim SG, Kim MK, Jang I, Ahn J. Effect of the masseter muscle injection of botulinum toxin A on the mandibular bone growth of developmental rats. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;40(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-018-0146-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Proffit WR, Fields HW, Nixon WL. Occlusal forces in normal- and long-face adults. J Dent Res. 1983;62(5):566–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345830620051201.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Utsumi D, Nakamura A, Matsuo K, Zeredo JL, Koga Y, Yoshida N. Motor coordination of masseter and temporalis muscle during mastication in mice. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2011;3(4):187–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12548-011-0068-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yoshimi T, Koga Y, Nakamura A, et al. Mechanism of motor coordination of masseter and temporalis muscles for increased masticatory efficiency in mice. J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(5):363–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12491.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ahn J, Kim SG, Kim MK, Jang I, Seok H. Botulinum toxin A injection into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle increased the posterior width of the maxillary arch in developing rats. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;41(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-019-0203-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park SY, Park YW, Ji YJ, Park SW, Kim SG. Effects of a botulinum toxin type A injection on the masseter muscle: an animal model study. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;37(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-015-0010-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blasi J, Chapman ER, Link E, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Nature. 1993;365(6442):160–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/365160a0.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tremaine AM, McCullough JL. Botulinum toxin type A for the management of glabellar rhytids. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2010;3:15–23. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s6492.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Botzenhart UU, Keil C, Tsagkari E, Zeidler-Rentzsch I, Gredes T, Gedrange T. Influence of botulinum toxin A on craniofacial morphology after injection into the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx-) mice. Ann Anat. 2021;236: 151715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151715.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enomoto A, Watahiki J, Yamaguchi T, Irie T, Tachikawa T, Maki K. Effects of mastication on mandibular growth evaluated by microcomputed tomography. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32(1):66–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjp060.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hichijo N, Kawai N, Mori H, et al. Effects of the masticatory demand on the rat mandibular development. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41(8):581–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12171.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maki K, Nishioka T, Shioiri E, Takahashi T, Kimura M. Effects of dietary consistency on the mandible of rats at the growth stage: computed X-ray densitometric and cephalometric analysis. Angle Orthod. 2002;72(5):468–75. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2002)072%3c0468:Eodcot%3e2.0.Co;2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakamura A, Zeredo JL, Utsumi D, Fujishita A, Koga Y, Yoshida N. Influence of malocclusion on the development of masticatory function and mandibular growth. Angle Orthod. 2013;83(5):749–57. https://doi.org/10.2319/083012-698.1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsai CY, Huang RY, Lee CM, Hsiao WT, Yang LY. Morphologic and bony structural changes in the mandible after a unilateral injection of botulinum neurotoxin in adult rats. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(5):1081–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.12.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jang I, Tanaka M, Koga Y, et al. A novel method for the assessment of three-dimensional tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(3):447–53. https://doi.org/10.2319/042308-225.1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Babuccu B, Babuccu O, Yurdakan G, Ankarali H. The effect of the botulinum toxin-A on craniofacial development: an experimental study. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;63(4):449–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e31818d4559.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stone AV, Ma J, Callahan MF, et al. Dose- and volume dependent-response to intramuscular injection of botulinum neurotoxin-A optimizes muscle force decrement in mice. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(11):1764–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.21434.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kwon TG, Park HS, Lee SH, Park IS, An CH. Influence of unilateral masseter muscle atrophy on craniofacial morphology in growing rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(8):1530–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2006.10.059.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balanta-Melo J, Torres-Quintana MA, Bemmann M, et al. Masseter muscle atrophy impairs bone quality of the mandibular condyle but not the alveolar process early after induction. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(3):233–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12747.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kiliaridis S, Thilander B, Kjellberg H, Topouzelis N, Zafiriadis A. Effect of low masticatory function on condylar growth: a morphometric study in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1999;116(2):121–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70207-6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baverstock H, Jeffery NS, Cobb SN. The morphology of the mouse masticatory musculature. J Anat. 2013;223(1):46–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12059.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cox PG, Jeffery N. Reviewing the morphology of the jaw-closing musculature in squirrels, rats, and guinea pigs with contrast-enhanced microCT. Anat Rec. 2011;294(6):915–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21381.

Article