Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229–63.

Google Scholar 

Murphy N, Jenab M, Gunter MJ. Adiposity and gastrointestinal cancers: epidemiology, mechanisms and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(11):659–70.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meng C, Bai C, Brown TD, Hood LE, Tian Q. Human gut microbiota and gastrointestinal cancer. Genom Proteom Bioinform. 2018;16(1):33–49.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Cheng WL, Feng PH, Lee KY, Chen KY, Sun WL, Van Hiep N, et al. The role of EREG/EGFR pathway in tumor progression. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312828.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fernandes Q, Inchakalody VP, Bedhiafi T, Mestiri S, Taib N, Uddin S, et al. Chronic inflammation and cancer; the two sides of a coin. Life Sci. 2024;338: 122390.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Krzysiek-Maczka G, Brzozowski T, Ptak-Belowska A. Helicobacter pylori-activated fibroblasts as a silent partner in gastric cancer development. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2023;42(4):1219–56.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arnold M, Abnet CC, Neale RE, Vignat J, Giovannucci EL, McGlynn KA, et al. Global burden of 5 major types of Gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(1):335–e4915.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu L, Mullins CS, Schafmayer C, Zeißig S, Linnebacher M. A global assessment of recent trends in Gastrointestinal cancer and lifestyle-associated risk factors. Cancer Commun (London England). 2021;41(11):1137–51.

Google Scholar 

Wang F, Song M, Lu X, Zhu X, Deng J. Gut microbes in gastrointestinal cancers. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86(Pt 2):967–75.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ghosn M, Kourie HR, Tabchi S. Gastrointestinal cancers in the era of theranostics: updates and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(28):8473–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu G, Pei L, Xia H, Tang Q, Bi F. Role of oncogenic KRAS in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):143.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joshi SS, Badgwell BD. Current treatment and recent progress in gastric cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):264–79.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Cutsem E, Sagaert X, Topal B, Haustermans K, Prenen H. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10060):2654–64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuboki Y, Yamashita S, Niwa T, Ushijima T, Nagatsuma A, Kuwata T, et al. Comprehensive analyses using next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry enable precise treatment in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(1):127–33.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xiang D, He A, Zhou R, Wang Y, Xiao X, Gong T, et al. Building consensus on the application of organoid-based drug sensitivity testing in cancer precision medicine and drug development. Theranostics. 2024;14(8):3300–16.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foo MA, You M, Chan SL, Sethi G, Bonney GK, Yong WP, et al. Clinical translation of patient-derived tumour organoids- bottlenecks and strategies. Biomark Res. 2022;10(1):10.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Polak R, Zhang ET, Kuo CJ. Cancer organoids 2.0: modelling the complexity of the tumour immune microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 2024;24(8):523–39.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Neal JT, Li X, Zhu J, Giangarra V, Grzeskowiak CL, Ju J, et al. Organoid modeling of the tumor immune microenvironment. Cell. 2018;175(7):1972–e8816.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wan C, Keany MP, Dong H, Al-Alem LF, Pandya UM, Lazo S, et al. Enhanced efficacy of simultaneous PD-1 and PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2021;81(1):158–73.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tang XY, Wu S, Wang D, Chu C, Hong Y, Tao M, et al. Human organoids in basic research and clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1): 168.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clevers H. Modeling development and disease with organoids. Cell. 2016;165(7):1586–97.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tuveson D, Clevers H. Cancer modeling meets human organoid technology. Science. 2019;364(6444):952–5.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Drost J, Clevers H. Organoids in cancer research. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(7):407–18.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wilson HV. A new method by which sponges, may be artificially reared. Science. 1907;25(649):912–5.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Smith E, Cochrane WJ. Cystic organoid teratoma; report of a case. Can Med Assoc J. 1946;55(2):151.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weiss P, Taylor AC. Reconstitution of complete organs from single-cell suspensions of chick, embryos in advanced stages of differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1960;46(9):1177–85.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Evans M. Origin of mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and the possibility of their direct isolation into tissue culture. Reproduction. 1981;62(2):625–31.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126(4):663–76.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. 1998;282(5391):1145–7.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li ML, Aggeler J, Farson DA, Hatier C, Hassell J, Bissell MJ. Influence of a reconstituted basement membrane and its components on casein gene expression and secretion in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(1):136–40.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shannon JM, Mason RJ, Jennings SD. Functional differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells in vitro: effects of cell shape, cell-matrix interactions and cell-cell interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987;931(2):143–56.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yan HHN, Siu HC, Law S, Ho SL, Yue SSK, Tsui WY, et al. A comprehensive human gastric cancer organoid biobank captures tumor subtype heterogeneity and enables therapeutic screening. Cell Stem Cell. 2018;23(6):882–e9711.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Li S, Zhu L, Huang M, Xie Y, Song X, et al. Personalized drug screening using patient-derived organoid and its clinical relevance in gastric cancer. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5(7): 101627.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sontheimer-Phelps A, Hassell BA, Ingber DE. Modelling cancer in microfluidic human organs-on-chips. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019;19(2):65–81.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shrestha S, Lekkala VKR, Acharya P, Kang SY, Vanga MG, Lee MY. Reproducible generation of human liver organoids (HLOs) on a pillar plate platform via microarray 3D bioprinting. Lab Chip. 2024;24(10):2747–61.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fujii M, Clevers H, Sato T. Modeling human digestive diseases with CRISPR-Cas9-modified organoids. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(3):562–76.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wan X, Xu C, Lin Y, Lu C, Li D, Sang J, et al. Uric acid regulates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism. J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):925–32.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weng W, Wei Q, Toden S, Yoshida K, Nagasaka T, Fujiwara T, et al. Circular RNA ciRS-7-a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(14):3918–28.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS