de Visser KE, Joyce JA. The evolving tumor microenvironment: from cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth. Cancer Cell. 2023;41(3):374–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elhanani O, Ben-Uri R, Keren L. Spatial profiling technologies illuminate the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell. 2023;41(3):404–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bagaev A, Kotlov N, Nomie K, Svekolkin V, Gafurov A, Isaeva O, et al. Conserved pan-cancer microenvironment subtypes predict response to immunotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2021;39(6):845–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greten FR, Grivennikov SI. Inflammation and cancer: triggers, mechanisms, and consequences. Immunity. 2019;51(1):27–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haas L, Elewaut A, Gerard CL, Umkehrer C, Leiendecker L, Pedersen M, et al. Acquired resistance to anti-mapk targeted therapy confers an immune-evasive tumor microenvironment and cross-resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma. Nat Cancer. 2021;2(7):693–708.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Jia Q, Chu Q, Zhu B. Targeting tumor microenvironment for non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy. Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med. 2023;1(1):18–29.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiao Y, Yu D. Tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;221:107753.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Stecklein SR, Yoder R, Staley JM, Schwensen K, O’Dea A, et al. Clinical and biomarker findings of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and carboplatin plus docetaxel in triple-negative breast cancer: neopact phase 2 clinical trial. Jama Oncol. 2024;10(2):227–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casarrubios M, Provencio M, Nadal E, Insa A, Del RGM, Lazaro-Quintela M, et al. Tumor microenvironment gene expression profiles associated to complete pathological response and disease progression in resectable nsclc patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10(9):e005320.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yao H, Lan J, Li C, Shi H, Brosseau JP, Wang H, et al. Inhibiting pd-l1 palmitoylation enhances t-cell immune responses against tumours. Nat Biomed Eng. 2019;3(4):306–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun C, Mezzadra R, Schumacher TN. Regulation and function of the pd-l1 checkpoint. Immunity. 2018;48(3):434–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun D, Liu J, Zhou H, Shi M, Sun J, Zhao S, et al. Classification of tumor immune microenvironment according to programmed death-ligand 1 expression and immune infiltration predicts response to immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in advanced patients with nsclc. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18(7):869–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Song B, Wei H, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Ndrg1 overcomes resistance to immunotherapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through inhibiting atg9a-dependent degradation of mhc-1. Drug Resist Updat. 2024;73:101040.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turkington RC, Knight LA, Blayney JK, Secrier M, Douglas R, Parkes EE, et al. Immune activation by dna damage predicts response to chemotherapy and survival in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2019;68(11):1918–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu C, Wei Y, Wei X. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):153.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun S. Taking early preventive interventions to manage the challenging issue of acquired resistance to third-generation egfr inhibitors. Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med. 2023;1(1):3–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang Y, Zang H, Wen Q, Fan S. Axl in cancer: a modulator of drug resistance and therapeutic target. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2023;42(1):148.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rothlin CV, Carrera-Silva EA, Bosurgi L, Ghosh S. Tam receptor signaling in immune homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:355–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeRyckere D, Huelse JM, Earp HS, Graham DK. Tam family kinases as therapeutic targets at the interface of cancer and immunity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20(11):755–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu C, Gao Z, Wu D, Zheng J, Hu C, Huang D, et al. Understanding the dynamics of tki-induced changes in the tumor immune microenvironment for improved therapeutic effect. J Immunother Cancer. 2024;12(6):e009165.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Gao A, Zhang F, Yang Z, Wang S, Fang Y, et al. Ilt4 inhibition prevents tam- and dysfunctional t cell-mediated immunosuppression and enhances the efficacy of anti-pd-l1 therapy in nsclc with egfr activation. Theranostics. 2021;11(7):3392–416.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu J, Li J, Lin Z, Li H, Lou L, Ding W, et al. Reprogramming of tams via the stat3/cd47-sirpalpha axis promotes acquired resistance to egfr-tkis in lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2023;564:216205.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishii K, Ohashi K, Tomida S, Nakasuka T, Hirabae A, Okawa S, et al. Cd8+ t-cell responses are boosted by dual pd-1/vegfr2 blockade after egfr inhibition in egfr-mutant lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2022;10(9):1111–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graham DK, DeRyckere D, Davies KD, Earp HS. The tam family: phosphatidylserine sensing receptor tyrosine kinases gone awry in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14(12):769–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamagata M, Sanes JR, Weiner JA. Synaptic adhesion molecules. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003;15(5):621–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimani SG, Kumar S, Bansal N, Singh K, Kholodovych V, Comollo T, et al. Small molecule inhibitors block gas6-inducible tam activation and tumorigenicity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43908.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sasaki T, Knyazev PG, Clout NJ, Cheburkin Y, Gohring W, Ullrich A, et al. Structural basis for gas6-axl signalling. Embo J. 2006;25(1):80–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dufies M, Jacquel A, Belhacene N, Robert G, Cluzeau T, Luciano F, et al. Mechanisms of axl overexpression and function in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget. 2011;2(11):874–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fujimori T, Grabiec AM, Kaur M, Bell TJ, Fujino N, Cook PC, et al. The axl receptor tyrosine kinase is a discriminator of macrophage function in the inflamed lung. Mucosal Immunol. 2015;8(5):1021–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hong CC, Lay JD, Huang JS, Cheng AL, Tang JL, Lin MT, et al. Receptor tyrosine kinase axl is induced by chemotherapy drugs and overexpression of axl confers drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Lett. 2008;268(2):314–24.

Article  CAS