Eberhardt RT, Raffetto JD. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation. 2005;111(18):2398. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000164199.72440.08.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azar J, Rao A, Oropallo A. Chronic venous insufficiency: a comprehensive review of management. J Wound Care. 2022;31(6):510–9. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2022.31.6.510.

Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Smith PDC, et al. Chronic venous disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(5):488–98. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra055289.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, et al. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40(6):1248–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wittens C, Davies A, Bækgaard N et al. Editor’s choice 2015 Management of chronic venous disease: clinical practice guidelines of the European society for vascular surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 49 6 678–737 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.02.007.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rabe E, Guex J, Puskas A, Scuderi A. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the vein consult program. Int Angiol. 2012;31(2):105–15.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prochaska JH, Arnold N, Falcke A, et al. Chronic venous insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a population study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(40):4157–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab495.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Javaid A, Ka A, Pm S, et al. Innovative approaches and future directions in the management and Understanding of varicose veins: A systematic review. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024;7(10):2971–86. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.4c00430.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li P, Ma X, Huang G. Understanding thrombosis: the critical role of oxidative stress. Hematology. 2024;29(1):2301633.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raffetto J, Khalil R. Mechanisms of varicose vein formation: valve dysfunction and wall dilation. Phlebology. 2008;23(2):85–98. https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2007.007027.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Q, Zennadi R. Oxidative stress and thrombosis during aging: the roles of oxidative stress in RBCs in venous thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124259.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aldámiz-Echevarría L, Andrade F. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelial dysfunction and renal disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(9):11288–311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911288.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flammer AJ, Lüscher TF. Human endothelial dysfunction: EDRFs. Pflugers Arch. 2010;459:1005–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-010-0822-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):2002–12. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312303292706.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ray A, Maharana KC, Meenakshi S, Singh S. Endothelial dysfunction and its relation in different disorders: recent update. Health Sci Rev (Oxf). 2023;7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hsr.2023.100084.:100084.DOI.

Tong C, Chang X, Qu F, et al. Overview of the development of protein arginine methyltransferase modulators: achievements and future directions. Eur J Med Chem. 2024;116212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116212.

Unlu A, Eryavuz Onmaz D, Abusoglu S, Abusoglu G. HPLC and LC-MS/MS measurement methods for the quantification of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and related metabolites. Turk Biyokim Derg. 2021;46(4):327–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2020-0150.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Krizanova O, Penesova A, Hokynkova A, et al. Chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulcers: aetiology, on the pathophysiology-based treatment. Int Wound J. 2024;21(2):e14405. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14405.

Article  Google Scholar 

Youn YJ, Lee J. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins of the lower extremities. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;34(2):269.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stoughton J. Venous ablation therapy: indications and outcomes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;54(1):61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2011.04.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Onmaz DE, Isık SMT, Abusoglu S, et al. Serum ADMA levels were positively correlated with EDSS scores in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2021;353:577497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577497

Seidel AC, Belczak CE, Campos MB, et al. The impact of obesity on venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2015;30(7):475–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355514551087.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poulose D, Deo K, Gogineni JM, et al. Correlation of venous clinical severity score with dermatology life quality index among patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2021;13(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17654.

Pocock ES, Alsaigh T, Mazor R, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Cellular and molecular basis of venous insufficiency. Vasc Cell. 2014;6:1–8. http://www.vascularcell.com/content/6/1/24.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carrasco OF, Ranero A, Hong E, Vidrio H. Endothelial function impairment in chronic venous insufficiency: effect of some cardiovascular protectant agents. Angiology. 2009;60(6):763– 71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319709332108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lattimer CR, Kalodiki E, Geroulakos G, et al. d-Dimer levels are significantly increased in blood taken from varicose veins compared with antecubital blood from the same patient. Angiology. 2015;66(9):882–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714565168.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nijveldt RJ, Siroen MP, Teerlink T, van Leeuwen PA. Elimination of asymmetric dimethylarginine by the kidney and the liver: a link to the development of multiple organ failure? J Nutr. 2004;134(10):S2848–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.10.2848S

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Sim AS, Wang XL, et al. Relations between plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and risk factors for coronary disease. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184(2):383–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dowsett L, Higgins E, Alanazi S, et al. ADMA: a key player in the relationship between vascular dysfunction and inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093026.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rath M, Müller I, Kropf P, et al. Metabolism via arginase or nitric oxide synthase: two competing arginine pathways in macrophages. Front Immunol. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00532