Yanai H, Adachi H, Hakoshima M, Iida S, Katsuyama H. Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated steatotic liver Disease-Its pathophysiology, association with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, and treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(20):15473.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Duseja A, Najmy S, Sachdev S, Pal A, Sharma RR, Marwah N, et al. High prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among healthy male blood donors of urban India. JGH Open. 2019;3(2):133–9.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar A, Sharma A, Duseja A, Das A, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK, et al. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have higher oxidative stress in comparison to chronic viral hepatitis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(1):12–8.
Hjelkrem M, Morales A, Williams CD, Harrison SA. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is inversely associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(12):1416–23.
King D, Armstrong MJ. Overview of Gilbert’s syndrome. Drug Ther Bull. 2019;57(2):27–31.
Duseja A, Das A, Das R, Dhiman RK, Chawla Y, Bhansali A. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis–is it Gilbert’s syndrome? Trop Gastroenterol. 2005;26(3):123–5.
Luo L, An P, Jia X, Yue X, Zheng S, Liu S, et al. Genetically regulated bilirubin and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Genet. 2018;9:662.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Xie Y, Miranda SR, Hoskins JM, Hawke RL. Role of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of Silymarin flavonolignans in patients with HCV and NAFLD. Molecules. 2017;22(1):142.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lin YC, Chang PF, Hu FC, Chang MH, Ni YH. Variants in the UGT1A1 gene and the risk of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatrics. 2009;124(6):e1221–7.
Landerer S, Kalthoff S, Paulusch S, Strassburg CP. A Gilbert syndrome-associated haplotype protects against fatty liver disease in humanized Transgenic mice. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):8689.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
De Silva AP, Prabagar K, Wickramasinghage AS, Wanniarachchi AA, Ediriweera DS, Niriella MA, De Silva HJ. The significance of the presence of Gilbert’s syndrome in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): A retrospective cohort study. Cureus. 2025;17(5):e85074. PMID: 40585738; PMCID: PMC12206347. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.85074.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech. 2009 May-Jun;2(5–6):231-7. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.001180. PMID: 19407331; PMCID: PMC2675814.
Pan W-H, Yeh W-T. How to define obesity? Evidence-based multiple action points for public awareness, screening, and treatment: an extension of Asian-Pacific recommendations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:370–4.
Duseja A, Singh SP, Saraswat VA, Acharya SK, Chawla YK, Chowdhury S, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic Syndrome-Position paper of the Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver, Endocrine Society of india, Indian College of Cardiology and Indian Society of Gastroenterology. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015;5(1):51–68.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dyson JK, Anstee QM, McPherson S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2014;5(3):211–8.
Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Wilson LA, Belt P, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, NASH Clinical Research Network (CRN). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and the histopathologic diagnosis in NAFLD: distinct clinicopathologic meanings. Hepatology. 2011;53(3):810–20.
Stillman AE. Jaundice. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK413/
Roche SP, Kobos R. Jaundice in the adult patient. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(2):299–304.
Shrestha O, Khadwal AR, Singhal M, Trehan A, Bansal D, Jain R, et al. A high frequency of Gilbert syndrome (UGT1A1*28/*28) and associated hyperbilirubinemia but not cholelithiasis in adolescent and adult North Indian patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(9):2019–26.
Beutler E, Gelbart T, Demina A. Racial variability in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1A1) promoter: a balanced polymorphism for regulation of bilirubin metabolism? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(14):8170–4.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar R, Rastogi A, Maras JS, Sarin SK. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a favorable endogenous response. Clin Biochem. 2012;45(3):272–4.
Madan K, Bhardwaj P, Thareja S, Gupta SD, Saraya A. Oxidant stress and antioxidant status among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(10):930–5.
Chiddarwar AS, D’Silva SZ, Colah RB, Ghosh K, Mukherjee MB. Genetic variations in bilirubin metabolism genes and their association with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in adults. Ann Hum Genet. 2017;81(1):11–9.
Premawardhena A, Fisher CA, Liu YT, Verma IC, de Silva S, Arambepola M, et al. The global distribution of length polymorphisms of the promoters of the glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1A1): hematologic and evolutionary implications. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2003;31(1):98–101.
Agrawal SK, Kumar P, Rathi R, Sharma N, DAS R, Prasad R, et al. UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms in North Indian neonates presenting with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatr Res. 2009;65(6):675–80.
Hemmati F, Saki F, Saki N, Haghighat M. Gilbert syndrome in Iran, Fars Province. Ann Saudi Med. 2010;30(1):84.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lin JP, Vitek L, Schwertner HA. Serum bilirubin and genes controlling bilirubin concentrations as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2010;56(10):1535–43.
Ong KL, Allison MA, Cheung BM, Wu BJ, Barter PJ, Rye KA. The relationship between total bilirubin levels and total mortality in older adults: the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e94479.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Horsfall LJ, Nazareth I, Pereira SP, Petersen I. Gilbert’s syndrome and the risk of death: a population-based cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(10):1643–7.
Mazza U, Saglio G, Cappio FC, Camaschella C, Neretto G, Gallo E. Clinical and haematological data in 254 cases of beta-thalassaemia trait in Italy. Br J Haematol. 1976;33(1):91–9.
Valenti L, Canavesi E, Galmozzi E, Dongiovanni P, Rametta R, Maggioni P, et al. Beta-globin mutations are associated with parenchymal siderosis and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2010;53(5):927–33.
Comments (0)