GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborator (2023) Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet 402(10397):203–234

Article  Google Scholar 

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Results. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2020)

Pearson-Stuttard J, Bennett J, Cheng YJ, Vamos EP, Cross AJ, Ezzati M, Gregg EW (2021) Trends in predominant causes of death in individuals with and without diabetes in England from 2001 to 2018: an epidemiological analysis of linked primary care records. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(3):165–173

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Damluji AA, Alfaraidhy M, AlHajri N, Rohant NN, Kumar M, Al Malouf C, Bahrainy S, Ji Kwak M, Batchelor WB, Forman DE, Rich MW, Kirkpatrick J, Krishnaswami A, Alexander KP, Gerstenblith G, Cawthon P, deFilippi CR, Goyal P (2023) Sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 147(20):1534–1553

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Liu T, Deng L, Zhang Q, Song M, Shi J, Liu C, Xie H, Chen Y, Lin S, Zheng X, Zhang H, Barazzoni R, Shi H (2024) Sarcopenic obesity and outcomes for patients with cancer. JAMA Netw Open 7(6):e2417115

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei S, Nguyen TT, Zhang Y, Ryu D, Gariani K (2023) Sarcopenic obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, cardiovascular disease, mortality, and management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1185221

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Tan Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Liao Z, Wei P (2020) Diabetes and sarcopenic obesity: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:568

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Low S, Ng TP, Goh KS, Moh A, Khoo J, Ang K, Yap P, Cheong CY, Tang WE, Lim Z, Subramaniam T, Sum CF, Lim SC (2024) Reduced skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is independently associated with reduced cognitive function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complicat 38(2):108672

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Zhong J, Wen W, Ruan Y, Zhang Z, Sun J, Chen H (2021) Relationship between skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 14:3733–3742

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Pan X, Liang H, Lin Y, Hong Y, Si Q, Shen F, Gu X (2018) Association between skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio and arterial stiffness in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 18(1):89

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Su X, Xu J, Zheng C (2019) The relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver and skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio in women with type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord 19(1):76

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA (2023) On behalf of the American diabetes association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 46(Suppl 1):S19–S40

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Wang L, He J, Bi Y, Li M, Wang T, Wang L, Jiang Y, Dai M, Lu J, Xu M, Li Y, Hu N, Li J, Mi S, Chen CS, Li G, Mu Y, Zhao J, Kong L, Chen J, Lai S, Wang W, Zhao W, Ning G (2013) Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA 310(9):948–959

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Cai M, Li H, Wang X, Tian F, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Lin H (2022) Risk/benefit tradeoff of habitual physical activity and air pollution on chronic pulmonary obstructive disease: findings from a large prospective cohort study. BMC Med 20(1):70

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ran J, Zhang Y, Han L, Sun S, Zhao S, Shen C, Zhang X, Chan KP, Lee RS, Qiu Y, Tian L (2021) The joint association of physical activity and fine particulate matter exposure with incident dementia in elderly Hong Kong residents. Environ Int 156:106645

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guo J, Wei Y, Heiland EG, Marseglia A (2024) Differential impacts of fat and muscle mass on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 15(5):1930–1941

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei L, Zeng J, Fan M, Chen B, Li X, Li Y, Xu S (2024) Associations between handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study of the UK Biobank. J Diabetes 16(1):e13464

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song E, Hwang SY, Park MJ, Jang A, Kim KJ, Yu JH, Kim NH, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, Choi KM (2023) Additive impact of diabetes and sarcopenia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a longitudinal nationwide population-based study. Metabolism 148:155678

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cong M, Zhu W, Wang C, Fu Z, Song C, Dai Z, Yao K, Guo Z, Lin Y, Shi Y, Hu W, Ba Y, Li S, Li Z, Wang K, Wu J, He Y, Yang J, Xie C, Song X, Chen G, Ma W, Luo S, Chen Z, Ma H, Zhou C, Wang W, Luo Q, Shi Y, Qi Y, Jiang H, Guan W, Chen J, Chen J, Fang Y, Zhou L, Feng Y, Tan R, Li T, Ou J, Zhao Q, Wu J, Deng L, Lin X, Yang L, Xu H, Li W, Yu L, Shi H (2020) Nutritional status and survival of 8247 cancer patients with or without diabetes mellitus-results from a prospective cohort study. Cancer Med 9(20):7428–7439

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Di Sebastiano KM, Yang L, Zbuk K, Wong RK, Chow T, Koff D, Moran GR, Mourtzakis M (2013) Accelerated muscle and adipose tissue loss may predict survival in pancreatic cancer patients: the relationship with diabetes and anaemia. Br J Nutr 109(2):302–312

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Zou H, Guo Y, Luo P, Meng X, Li D, Xiang Y, Mao B, Pan L, Kan R, He Y, Li W, Liu Z, Yang Y, Xie J, Zhang B, Zhou X, Hu S, Yu X (2023) Associations between metabolic score for visceral fat and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among populations with different glucose tolerance statuses. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 203:110842

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Block CEM, Shivalkar B, Goovaerts W, Brits T, Carpentier K, Verrijken A, Van Hoof V, Parizel PM, Vrints C, Van Gaal LF (2018) Coronary artery calcifications and diastolic dysfunction versus visceral fat area in type 1 diabetes: VISCERA study. J Diabetes Complicat 32(3):271–278

Article  Google Scholar 

Jia S, Huo X, Zuo X, Zhao L, Liu L, Sun L, Chen X (2024) Association of metabolic score for visceral fat with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cancer mortality: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab 26(12):5870–5881

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Merz KE, Thurmond DC (2020) Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Compr Physiol 10(3):785–809

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poznyak A, Grechko AV, Poggio P, Myasoedova VA, Alfieri V, Orekhov AN (2020) The diabetes mellitus-atherosclerosis connection: the role of lipid and glucose metabolism and chronic inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1835

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim DS, Scherer PE (2021) Obesity, diabetes, and increased cancer progression. Diabetes Metab J 45(6):799–812

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alabadi B, Civera M, De la Rosa A, Martinez-Hervas S, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Real JT (2023) Low muscle mass is associated with poorer glycemic control and higher oxidative stress in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrients 15(14):3167

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tranah GJ, Barnes HN, Cawthon PM, Coen PM, Esser KA, Hepple RT, Huo Z, Kramer PA, Toledo FGS, Zhang X, Wu K, Wolff CA, Evans DS, Cummings SR (2024) Expression of mitochondrial oxidative stress response genes in muscle is associated with mitochondrial respiration, physical performance, and muscle mass in the study of muscle, mobility, and aging. Aging Cell 23(6):e14114

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Martin A, Gallot YS, Freyssenet D (2023) Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass: data analysis from preclinical and clinical studies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14(3):1150–1167

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kiss N, Prado CM, Daly RM, Denehy L, Edbrooke L, Baguley BJ, Fraser SF, Khosravi A, Abbott G (2023) Low muscle mass, malnutrition, sarcopenia, and associations with survival in adults with cancer in the UK Biobank cohort. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14(4):1775–1788