Rizvi S, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma-evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(2):95–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.157.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Banales JM, Marin JJG, Lamarca A, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(9):557–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0310-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Valle JW, Kelley RK, Nervi B, et al. Biliary tract cancer. Lancet. 2021;397(10272):428–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00153-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navaneethan U, Njei B, Lourdusamy V, et al. Comparative effectiveness of biliary brush cytology and intraductal biopsy for detection of malignant biliary strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(1):168–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.09.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raimondo F, Morosi L, Chinello C, et al. Advances in membranous vesicle and exosome proteomics improving biological understanding and biomarker discovery. Proteomics. 2011;11(4):709–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201000422.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell. 2004;116(2):281–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee YS, Dutta A. MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009;4:199–227. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092222.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salati M, Braconi C. Noncoding RNA in Cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2019;39(1):13–25. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676097.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi T, Morishita A, Kobara H, et al. The Role of microRNAs in Cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147627.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salem PES, Ghazala RA, El Gendi AM, et al. The association between circulating MicroRNA-150 level and cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(11):e23397. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23397.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu C, Huang F, Deng G, et al. miR-31 promotes oncogenesis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells via the direct suppression of RASA1. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6(5):1265–70. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1311.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li B, Han Q, Zhu Y, et al. Down-regulation of miR-214 contributes to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastasis by targeting twist. Febs J. 2012;279(13):2393–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08618.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Yan HX, Yang W, et al. The role of microRNA expression pattern in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2009;50(2):358–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.09.015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Selaru FM, Olaru AV, Kan T, et al. MicroRNA-21 is overexpressed in human cholangiocarcinoma and regulates programmed cell death 4 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3. Hepatology. 2009;49(5):1595–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22838.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu L, Byrnes K, Han C, et al. miR-21 targets 15-PGDH and promotes cholangiocarcinoma growth. Mol Cancer Res. 2014;12(6):890–900. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.Mcr-13-0419.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He Q, Cai L, Shuai L, et al. Ars2 is overexpressed in human cholangiocarcinomas and its depletion increases PTEN and PDCD4 by decreasing microRNA-21. Mol Carcinog. 2013;52(4):286–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.21859.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang LJ, He CC, Sui X, et al. MiR-21 promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo by targeting PTPN14 and PTEN. Oncotarget. 2015;6(8):5932–46. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3465.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kishimoto T, Eguchi H, Nagano H, et al. Plasma miR-21 is a novel diagnostic biomarker for biliary tract cancer. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(12):1626–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12300.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang W, Deng X, Zhu T, et al. Identification of cholangiocarcinoma associated with Hepatolithiasis via the combination of miRNA and ultrasound. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:1845–53. https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.S241870.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun C, Zhu J, Wu B, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of microRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:2125–39. https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.S158155.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yukawa H, Yamazaki S, Aoki K, et al. Co-continuous structural effect of size-controlled macro-porous glass membrane on extracellular vesicle collection for the analysis of miRNA. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8672. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87986-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yoshida M, Yukawa H, Hayashi K, et al. Clinical impact of bile-derived exosomal microRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for biliary tract cancers. Cancer Sci. 2023;114(1):295–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15597.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masyuk AI, Huang BQ, Ward CJ, et al. Biliary exosomes influence cholangiocyte regulatory mechanisms and proliferation through interaction with primary cilia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010;299(4):G990–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00093.2010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, Masica D, Ishida M, et al. Human bile contains microRNA-laden extracellular vesicles that can be used for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis. Hepatology. 2014;60(3):896–907. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27050.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ge X, Tang L, Wang Y, et al. The diagnostic value of exosomal miRNAs in human bile of malignant biliary obstructions. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(6):760–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2020.11.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan JA, Krichevsky AM, Kosik KS. MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Can Res. 2005;65(14):6029–33. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-05-0137.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meng F, Henson R, Wehbe-Janek H, et al. MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(2):647–58. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.022.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu S, Si ML, Wu H, et al. MicroRNA-21 targets the tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1). J Biol Chem. 2007;282(19):14328–36. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M611393200.

Article