(2019) Adnexal torsion in adolescents: ACOG committee opinion no, 783. Obstet Gynecol 134:e56–e63. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003373

Hibbard LT (1985) Adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152:456–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(85)80157-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cass DL (2005) Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg 14:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2005.01.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashwal E, Hiersch L, Krissi H, Eitan R, Less S, Wiznitzer A, Peled Y (2015) Characteristics and management of ovarian torsion in premenarchal compared with postmenarchal patients. Obstet Gynecol 126:514–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000995

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudser A, Rudser K, Patterson RJ, VanderVelden H, Reid S (2014) Ovarian torsion in pediatric patients: A review of eleven years’ experience. Glob Pediatr Health 1:2333794X14564443. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X14564443

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rey-Bellet Gasser C, Gehri M, Joseph JM, Pauchard JY (2016) Is it ovarian torsion?? A systematic literature review and evaluation of prediction signs. Pediatr Emerg Care 32:256–261. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000621

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duigenan S, Oliva E, Lee SI (2012) Ovarian torsion: diagnostic features on CT and MRI with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:W122–W131. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.7293

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linam LE, Darolia R, Naffaa LN, Breech LL, O’hara SM, Hillard PJ, Huppert JS (2007) US findings of adnexal torsion in children and adolescents: size really does matter. Pediatr Radiol 37:1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-007-0599-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcinkowski K, Saul D, Gould S, Berman L, Schwartz BI (2024) Application of a composite score to predict adnexal torsion in premenarchal and menarchal children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg 59:509–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oltmann SC, Fischer A, Barber R, Huang R, Hicks B, Garcia N (2009) Cannot exclude torsion–a 15-year review. J Pediatr Surg 44:1212–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.028

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anders JF, Powell EC (2005) Urgency of evaluation and outcome of acute ovarian torsion in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159:532–535. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.6.532

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piper HG, Oltmann SC, Xu L, Adusumilli S, Fischer AC (2012) Ovarian torsion: diagnosis of inclusion mandates earlier intervention. J Pediatr Surg 47:2071–2076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.06.011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emil S, Youssef F, Arbash G, Baird R, Laberge J, Puligandla P, Albuquerque P (2018) The utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and management of pediatric benign ovarian lesions. J Pediatr Surg 53:2013–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.028

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rougier E, Mar W, Della Valle V, Morel B, Irtan S, Audureau E, Coulomb-L’Hermine A, Le Ducou H, Blondiaux E (2020) Added value of MRI for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion in children and adolescents after inconclusive ultrasound examination. Diagn Interv Imaging 101:747–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2020.04.015

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wattar B, Rimmer M, Rogozinska E, Macmillan M, Khan K, Al Wattar B (2021) Accuracy of imaging modalities for adnexal torsion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 128:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16371

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Béranger -Gibert S, Sakly H, Ballester M, Rockall A, Bornes M, Bazot M, Daraï E, Thomassin-Naggara I (2016) Diagnostic value of MR imaging in the diagnosis of adnexal torsion. Radiology 279:461–470. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015150261

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Roh HJ, Ahn JW, Kim JS, Choi JY, Lee SJ, Lee SH The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for maternal acute adnexal torsion during pregnancy: Single-Institution clinical performance review. J Clin Med 9:2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072209

Petkovska I, Duke E, Martin DR, Irani Z, Geffre CP, Cragun JM, Costello JR, Arif-Tiwari H, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Udayasankar U, Kalb B (2016) MRI of ovarian torsion: correlation of imaging features with the presence of perifollicular hemorrhage and ovarian viability. Eur J Radiol 85:2064–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.09.020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomes M, Cavalcanti L, Reis R, daCosta e Silva E, Dutra J, de Melo-Liete A (2019) Twist and shout: magnetic resonance imaging findings in ovarian torsion. Radiol Bras 52:397–402. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2018.0079

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dawood M, Naik M, Bharwani N, Sudderuddin S, Rockall A, Stewart V (2021) Adnexal torsion: review of radiologic appearances. Radiographics 41:609–624. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strachowski L, Choi H, Shum D, Horrow M (2021) Pearls and pitfalls in imaging of pelvic adnexal torsion: seven tips to tell it’s twisted. Radiographics 41:625–640. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021219007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghossain MA, Hachem K, Buy JN, Hourany-Rizk RG, Aoun NJ, Haddad-Zebouni S, Mansour F, Attieh E, Abboud J (2004) Adnexal torsion: magnetic resonance findings in the viable adnexa with emphasis on stromal ovarian appearance. J Magn Reson Imaging 20:451–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20131

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lourenco AP, Swenson D, Tubbs RJ, Lazarus E (2014) Ovarian and tubal torsion: imaging findings on US, CT, and MRI. Emerg Radiol 21:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-013-1163-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epstein K, Trout A, Anton C, Kocaoglu M, Ayyala R (2024) Normal ovarian sizes on MRI in pediatric patients: a preliminary study. Pediatr Radiol 54:1507–1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-024-05986-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gould S, Mody T, Gould M, Kecskemethy H, Veale S, Choudhary A (2025) Ovarian volume Estimation in girls using rapid MR imaging for right lower quadrant pain. Pediatr Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-025-06170-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naffaa L, Deshmukh T, Tumu S, Johnson C, Boyd KP, Meyers AB (2017) Imaging of acute pelvic pain in girls: ovarian torsion and Beyond☆. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 46:317–329. https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.12.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kato H, Kanematsu M, Uchiyama M, Yano R, Furui T, Morishige K (2014) Diffusion-weighted imaging of ovarian torsion: usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for the detection of hemorrhagic infarction. Magn Reson Med Sci 13:39–44. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.2013-0039

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iraha Y, Okada M, Iraha R, Azama K, Yamashiro T, Tsubakimoto M, Aoki Y, Murayama S, CT, MR Imaging of Gynecologic Emergencies (2017) CT and MR imaging of gynecologic emergencies. Radiographics 37:1569–1586. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160170

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujii S, Kaneda S, Kakite S, Kanasaki Y, Matsusue E, Harada T, Kaminou T, Ogawa T (2011) Diffusion-weighted imaging findings of adnexal torsion. Eur J Radiol 77:330–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.07.040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Özdemir O, Metin Y, Metin NO, Küpeli A (2017) Contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging to conventional MRI for detection of haemorrhagic infarction in ovary torsion. BMC Med Imaging 17:56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-017-0232-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung SE, Jung JI, Choi BG, Kim BS, Kim H, Lee JM (2002) CT and MR imaging features of adnexal torsion. Radiographics 22:283–294. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.22.2.g02mr02283

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bekci T, Polat AV, Aslan K, Tomak L, Ceyhan Bilgici M, Danaci M (2016) Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted MRI in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion: comparison of torsed and nonaffected ovaries. Clin Imaging 40:1029–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2016.06.003

Article