Abiodun OA, Ola MS (2020) Role of brain renin angiotensin system in neurodegeneration: an update. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(3):905–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.026

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahmed HA, Ishrat T, Pillai B, Fouda AY, Sayed MA, Eldahshan W, Waller JL, Ergul A, Fagan SC (2018) RAS modulation prevents progressive cognitive impairment after experimental stroke: a randomized, blinded preclinical trial. J Neuroinflamm 15:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1262-x

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Althammer F, Roy RK, Kirchner MK, Campos-Lira E, Whitley KE, Davis S, Montanez J, Ferreira-Neto HC, Danh J, Feresin R, Biancardi VC, Zafar U, Parent MB, Stern JE (2023) Angiotensin II-Mediated neuroinflammation in the hippocampus contributes to neuronal deficits and cognitive impairment in heart failure rats. Hypertension 80(6):1258–1273. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21070

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akhter F, Persaud A, Zaokari Y, Zhao Z, Zhu D (2021) Vascular dementia and underlying sex differences. Front Aging Neurosci 13(720715):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.720715

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alcántara-González F, Mendoza-Perez CR, Zaragoza N, Juarez I, Arroyo-García LE, Gamboa C, De La Cruz F, Zamudio S, Garcia-Dolores F, Flores G (2012) Combined administration of cerebrolysin and donepezil induces plastic changes in prefrontal cortex in aged mice. Synapse 66(11):938–949. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.21588

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alhusban A, Kozak A, Ergul A, Fagan SC (2013) AT1 receptor antagonism is proangiogenic in the brain: BDNF a novel mediator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 344(2):348–359. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.197483

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Álvarez XA, Sampedro C, Pérez P, Laredo M, Couceiro V, Hernández Á, Figueroa J, Varela M, Arias D, Corzo L, Zas R (2003) Positive effects of cerebrolysin on electroencephalogram slowing, cognition and clinical outcome in patients with postacute traumatic brain injury: an exploratory study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18(5):271–278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-200309000-00003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alvarez XA, Cacabelos R, Laredo M, Couceiro V, Sampedro C, Varela M, Corzo L, Fernandez-Novoa L, Vargas M, Aleixandre M, Linares C (2006) A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of three dosages of Cerebrolysin in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 13(1):43–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01222.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Appleton JP, Scutt P, Sprigg N, Bath PM (2017) Hypercholesterolaemia and vascular dementia. Clin Sci 131(14):1561–1578. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20160382

Article  Google Scholar 

Auchus AP, Brashear HR, Salloway S, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Gassmann-Mayer CG (2007) Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial. Neurology 69(5):448–458. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000266625.31615.f6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bettermann K, Arnold AM, Williamson J, Rapp S, Sink K, Toole JF, Carlson MC, Yasar S, DeKosky S, Burke GL (2012) Statins, risk of dementia, and cognitive function: secondary analysis of the ginkgo evaluation of memory study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 21(6):436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS (2023) Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 102(2):86–104. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Birks J, Craig D (2006) Galantamine for vascular cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004746.pub2

Article  Google Scholar 

Black S, Román GC, Geldmacher DS, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, Perdomo C, Kumar D, Pratt R (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 34(10):2323–2330. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000091396.95360.E1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blume A, Herdegen T, Unger T (1999) Angiotensin peptides and inducible transcription factors. J Mol Med 77:339–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090050360

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brashear HR (2003) Galantamine in the treatment of vascular dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 15(S1):187–193. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610203009189

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Mancuso C, Pennisi G, Calafato S, Bellia F, Bates TE, Giuffrida Stella AM, Schapira T, Dinkova Kostova AT, Rizzarelli E (2008) Cellular stress response: a novel target for chemoprevention and nutritional neuroprotection in aging, neurodegenerative disorders and longevity. Neurochem Res 33:2444–2471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9775-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casado A, Encarnación López-Fernández M, Concepción Casado M, de La Torre R (2008) Lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant enzyme activities in vascular and Alzheimer dementias. Neurochem Res 33:450–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9453-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chai W, Wang W, Liu J, Barrett EJ, Carey RM, Cao W, Liu Z (2010) Angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors regulate basal skeletal muscle microvascular volume and glucose use. Hypertension 55(2):523–530. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.145409

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakraborty P, Dey A, Gopalakrishnan AV, Swati K, Ojha S, Prakash A, Kumar D, Ambasta RK, Jha NK, Jha SK, Dewanjee S (2023) Glutamatergic neurotransmission: a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Ageing Res Rev 85(101838):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101838

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chan KA, Tang NL, Hui DS, Chung GT, Wu AK, Chim SS, Chiu RW, Lee N, Choi KW, Sung YM, Chan PK (2005) Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis 5:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-5-26

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chaumont M, Pourcelet A, Van Nuffelen M, Racapé J, Leeman M, Hougardy JM (2016) Acute kidney injury in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: Do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors carry a risk? J Clin Hypertense 18(6):514–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12795

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen CC, Wei ST, Tsaia SC, Chen XX, Cho DY (2013) Cerebrolysin enhances cognitive recovery of mild traumatic brain injury patients: double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Br J Neurosurg 27(6):803–807. https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2013.793287

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen YD, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yuan JL, Hu WL (2016) Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in vascular dementia: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Neurol 75(3–4):132–141. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444253

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chib S, Dutta BJ, Chalotra R, Abubakar M, Kumar P, Singh TG, Singh R (2025a) Role of flavonoids in mitigating the pathological complexities and treatment hurdles in Alzheimer’s Disease. Phytother Res 39:747–775. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8406

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chib S, Sharma K, Singh R (2025b) Interventions of cognitive impairment in older adults: a comprehensive review. Aging Health Res 100223:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahr.2025.100223

Article  Google Scholar 

Choi HI, Ryu CW, Kim S, Rhee HY, Jahng GH (2020) Changes in microvascular morphology in subcortical vascular dementia: a study of vessel size magnetic resonance imaging. Front Neurol 11(545450):1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.545450

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cui S, Chen N, Yang M, Guo J, Zhou M, Zhu C, He L (2019) Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008900.pub3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Danielyan L, Klein R, Hanson LR, Buadze M, Schwab M, Gleiter CH, Frey WH (2010) Protective effects of intranasal losartan in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Rejuvenation Res 13(2–3):195–201. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2009.0944