Douschan P, Kovacs G, Avian A, Foris V, Gruber F, Olschewski A, Olschewski H. Mild elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure as a predictor of mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(4):509–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, Berger RMF, Brida M, Carlsen J, Coats AJS, Escribano-Subias P, Ferrari P, et al. 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2023;24(4 Suppl 1):e1–116.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

León-Velarde F, Maggiorini M, Reeves JT, Aldashev A, Asmus I, Bernardi L, Ge RL, Hackett P, Kobayashi T, Moore LG, et al. Consensus statement on chronic and subacute high altitude diseases. High Alt Med Biol. 2005;6(2):147–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, He Y, Cui C, Ouzhuluobu, Baimakangzhuo, Duojizhuoma, Dejiquzong, Bianba, Gonggalanzi, Pan Y et al: Cross-altitude analysis suggests a turning point at the elevation of 4,500 m for polycythemia prevalence in Tibetans. Am J Hematol 2017, 92(9):E552–e554.

Iranmehr A, Stobdan T, Zhou D, Poulsen O, Strohl KP, Aldashev A, Telenti A, Wong EHM, Kirkness EF, Venter JC, et al. Novel insight into the genetic basis of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in Kyrgyz highlanders. Eur J Hum Genet. 2019;27(1):150–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu XQ, Jing ZC. High-altitude pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2009;18(111):13–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aldashev AA, Sarybaev AS, Sydykov AS, Kalmyrzaev BB, Kim EV, Mamanova LB, Maripov R, Kojonazarov BK, Mirrakhimov MM, Wilkins MR, et al. Characterization of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in the Kyrgyz: association with angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1396–402.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Audi SH, Dawson CA, Rickaby DA, Linehan JH. Localization of the sites of pulmonary vasomotion by use of arterial and venous occlusion. J Appl Physiol. 1991;70(5):2126–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lichtblau M, Saxer S, Furian M, Mayer L, Bader PR, Scheiwiller PM, Mademilov M, Sheraliev U, Tanner FC, Sooronbaev TM, et al. Cardiac function and pulmonary hypertension in Central Asian highlanders at 3250 m. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(2):190274.

Article  Google Scholar 

Groves BM, Droma T, Sutton JR, McCullough RG, McCullough RE, Zhuang J, Rapmund G, Sun S, Janes C, Moore LG. Minimal hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in normal Tibetans at 3658 m. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74(1):312–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi X, Cui C, Peng Y, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhong H, Zhang H, Xiang K, Cao X, Wang Y, et al. Genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the tibetan plateau. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30(8):1761–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Desireddi JR, Farrow KN, Marks JD, Waypa GB, Schumacker PT. Hypoxia increases ROS signaling and cytosolic Ca(2+) in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of mouse lungs slices. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010;12(5):595–602.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dunham-Snary KJ, Wu D, Sykes EA, Thakrar A, Parlow LRG, Mewburn JD, Parlow JL, Archer SL. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: from molecular mechanisms to medicine. Chest. 2017;151(1):181–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

León-Velarde F, Villafuerte FC, Richalet JP. Chronic mountain sickness and the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;52(6):540–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimoldi SF, Rexhaj E, Pratali L, Bailey DM, Hutter D, Faita F, Salinas Salmòn C, Villena M, Nicod P, Allemann Y, et al. Systemic vascular dysfunction in patients with chronic mountain sickness. Chest. 2012;141(1):139–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pak O, Aldashev A, Welsh D, Peacock A. The effects of hypoxia on the cells of the pulmonary vasculature. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(2):364–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Welsh DJ, Peacock AJ. Cellular responses to hypoxia in the pulmonary circulation. High Alt Med Biol. 2013;14(2):111–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kato M, Staub NC. Response of small pulmonary arteries to unilobar hypoxia and hypercapnia. Circ Res. 1966;19(2):426–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Haddad F, Chin KM, Forfia PR, Kawut SM, Lumens J, Naeije R, Newman J, Oudiz RJ, Provencher S, et al. Right heart adaptation to pulmonary arterial hypertension: physiology and pathobiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(25 Suppl):D22-33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zuo XR, Wang Q, Cao Q, Yu YZ, Wang H, Bi LQ, Xie WP, Wang H. Nicorandil prevents right ventricular remodeling by inhibiting apoptosis and lowering pressure overload in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9): e44485.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ryan JJ, Huston J, Kutty S, Hatton ND, Bowman L, Tian L, Herr JE, Johri AM, Archer SL. Right ventricular adaptation and failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(4):391–406.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryan JJ, Archer SL. The right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension: disorders of metabolism, angiogenesis and adrenergic signaling in right ventricular failure. Circ Res. 2014;115(1):176–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kocken JMM, da Costa Martins PA. Epigenetic regulation of pulmonary arterial hypertension-induced vascular and right ventricular remodeling: new opportunities? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(23):8901.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol. 2015;89(9):1401–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abbate A, Narula J. Role of apoptosis in adverse ventricular remodeling. Heart Fail Clin. 2012;8(1):79–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun F, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Geng S, Xu M, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Stage-dependent changes of β2-adrenergic receptor signaling in right ventricular remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(5):2493–504.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagenvoort CA: The pathology of primary pulmonary hypertension. J Pathol 1970, 101(4):Pi.

Price LC, Wort SJ, Perros F, Dorfmüller P, Huertas A, Montani D, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Humbert M. Inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2012;141(1):210–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu Y, Chi L, Kuebler WM, Goldenberg NM. Perivascular inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cells. 2020;9(11):2338.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

X, Z, Z.Q, L, S. M: The pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and the role of active components of Rhodiola rosea. Progress Physiol Sci 2021, 52(4):307–310.

Mishra A, Mohammad G, Norboo T, Newman JH, Pasha MA. Lungs at high-altitude: genomic insights into hypoxic responses. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119(1):1–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu WH, Yuan P, Zhang SJ, Jiang X, Wu C, Li Y, Liu SF, Liu QQ, Li JH, Pudasaini B, et al. Impact of pituitary-gonadal axis hormones on pulmonary arterial hypertension in men. Hypertension. 2018;72(1):151–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cai Z, Li J, Zhuang Q, Zhang X, Yuan A, Shen L, Kang K, Qu B, Tang Y, Pu J, et al. MiR-125a-5p ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension by targeting the TGF-β1 and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50(4):1–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo L, Liu D, Tang C, Du J, Liu AD, Holmberg L, Jin H. Sulfur dioxide upregulates the inhibited endogenous hydrogen sulfide pathway in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by high pulmonary blood flow. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;433(4):519–25.

Article  CAS