Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi J, Li M, Wang L, Hu Y, Liu W, Long Z, Zhou Z, Yin P, Zhou M. National and subnational trends in cancer burden in China, 2005–20: an analysis of national mortality surveillance data. The Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(12):e943–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, Mehta N, Heimbach JK, Dawson LA, Jou JH, Kulik LM, Agopian VG, Marrero JA, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD). 2023;78(6):1922–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, Roberts LR, Heimbach JK. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD). 2018;68(2):723–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Q, Qiao W, Zhang H, Liu B, Li J, Zang C, Mei T, Zheng J, Zhang Y. Nomogram established on account of Lasso-Cox regression for predicting recurrence in patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1019638.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji GW, Zhu FP, Xu Q, Wang K, Wu MY, Tang WW, Li XC, Wang XH. Radiomic features at contrast-enhanced CT predict recurrence in early stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-institutional study. Radiology. 2020;294(3):568–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ivanics T, Murillo Perez CF, Claasen M, Patel MS, Morgenshtern G, Erdman L, Shwaartz C, Rajendran L, O’Kane GM, Hansen BE, et al. Dynamic risk profiling of HCC recurrence after curative intent liver resection. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD). 2022;76(5):1291–301.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu S, Lai H, Huang M, Li Q, Liu Y, Zhang J, Huang J, Chen X, Duan C, Li X, et al. Multi-task deep learning network to predict future macrovascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;42: 101201.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen S, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Cai L, Hou X, Li W. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms of hypoxia-related genes and capsule formation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 2023;10:1785–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roehlen N, Crouchet E, Baumert TF. Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells. 2020;9(4):875.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim B, Kim SS, Cho SW, Cheong JY, Huh J, Kim JK, Lee JH, Ahn HR, Cho HJ. Liver stiffness in magnetic resonance elastography is prognostic for sorafenib-treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(4):2507–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

John BV, Dang Y, Kaplan DE, Jou JH, Taddei TH, Spector SA, Martin P, Bastaich DR, Chao HH, Dahman B. Liver stiffness measurement and risk prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma after HCV eradication in veterans with cirrhosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology : the Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2024;22(4):778-788.e777.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cholankeril G, Kramer JR, Chu J, Yu X, Balakrishnan M, Li L, El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Longitudinal changes in fibrosis markers are associated with risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2023;78(3):493–500.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Wang T, Ji Z, Luo J, Lv W, Wang H, Zhao Y, Duan C, Yu X, Li Q, et al. 3D automatic liver and spleen assessment in predicting overt hepatic encephalopathy before TIPS: a multi-center study. Hep Intl. 2023;17(6):1545–56.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, Daniele B, Llovet JM, Meyer T, Nault JC, Neumann U, Ricke J, Sangro B, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Suppl 4):iv238–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

EASL clinical practice guidelines. management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236.

Article  Google Scholar 

Llovet JM, Lencioni R. mRECIST for HCC: performance and novel refinements. J Hepatol. 2020;72(2):288–306.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson PJ, Dhanaraj S, Berhane S, Bonnett L, Ma YT. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled study. Br J Cancer. 2021;125(5):714–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB. CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: part II. extracellular agents, hepatobiliary agents, and ancillary imaging features. Radiology. 2014;273(1):30–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Burrel M, Garcia-Criado Á, Kelley RK, Galle PR, Mazzaferro V, Salem R, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nathani P, Gopal P, Rich N, Yopp A, Yokoo T, John B, Marrero J, Parikh N, Singal AG. Hepatocellular carcinoma tumour volume doubling time: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2021;70(2):401–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim DY, Toan BN, Tan CK, Hasan I, Setiawan L, Yu ML, Izumi N, Huyen NN, Chow PK, Mohamed R, et al. Utility of combining PIVKA-II and AFP in the surveillance and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia-Pacific region. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(2):277–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin H, Li G, Delamarre A, Ahn SH, Zhang X, Kim BK, Liang LY, Lee HW, Wong GL, Yuen PC, et al. A liver stiffness-based etiology-independent machine learning algorithm to predict hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology : the Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2024;22(3):602-610.e607.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kennedy P, Lewis S, Bane O, Hectors SJ, Kim E, Schwartz M, Taouli B. Early effect of (90)Y radioembolisation on hepatocellular carcinoma and liver parenchyma stiffness measured with MR elastography: initial experience. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(8):5791–801.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kashyap A, Rapsomaniki MA, Barros V, Fomitcheva-Khartchenko A, Martinelli AL, Rodriguez AF, Gabrani M, Rosen-Zvi M, Kaigala G. Quantification of tumor heterogeneity: from data acquisition to metric generation. Trends Biotechnol. 2022;40(6):647–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bera K, Braman N, Gupta A, Velcheti V, Madabhushi A. Predicting cancer outcomes with radiomics and artificial intelligence in radiology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19(2):132–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ota M, Komeda K, Iida H, Ueno M, Kosaka H, Nomi T, Tanaka S, Nakai T, Hokutou D, Matsumoto M, et al. The prognostic value of preoperative serum markers and risk classification in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30(5):2807–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cha H, Choi JY, Park YN, Han K, Jang M, Kim MJ, Park MS, Rhee H. Comparison of imaging findings of macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma using CT and gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol. 2023;33(2):1364–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rhee H, Cho ES, Nahm JH, Jang M, Chung YE, Baek SE, Lee S, Kim MJ, Park MS, Han DH, et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI of macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma and its prognostic implications. J Hepatol. 2021;74(1):109–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang VH, Duong STM, Nguyen CDT, Huynh TM, Duc VT, Phan C, Le H, Bui T, Truong SQH. Wavelet radiomics features from multiphase CT images for screening hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis and comparison. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19559.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fahmy D, Alksas A, Elnakib A, Mahmoud A, Kandil H, Khalil A, Ghazal M, van Bogaert E, Contractor S, El-Baz A. The Role of Radiomics and AI Technologies in the Segmentation, Detection, and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers. 2022;14(24):6123.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mo ZY, Chen PY, Lin J, Liao JY. Pre-operative MRI features predict early post-operative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma with different degrees of pathological differentiation. Radiol Med (Torino). 2023;128(3):261–73.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Öcal O, Ingrisch M, Ümütlü MR, Peynircioglu B, Loewe C, van Delden O, Vandecaveye V, Gebauer B, Zech CJ, Sengel C, et al. Prognostic value of baseline imaging and clinical features in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2022;126(2):211–8.

Article