Failla, G. The aging process and cancerogenesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 71, 1124–1140 (1958).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szilard, L. On the nature of the aging process. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 45, 30–45 (1959).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vijg, J. & Dong, X. Pathogenic mechanisms of somatic mutation and genome mosaicism in aging. Cell 182, 12–23 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nowell, P. C. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194, 23–28 (1976).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexandrov, L. B. et al. The repertoire of mutational signatures in human cancer. Nature 578, 94–101 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

The ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium. Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes. Nature 578, 82–93 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jaiswal, S. et al. Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 2488–2498 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kessler, M. D. et al. Common and rare variant associations with clonal haematopoiesis phenotypes. Nature 612, 301–309 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Erickson, R. P. Somatic gene mutation and human disease other than cancer. Mutat. Res. 543, 125–136 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erickson, R. P. Somatic gene mutation and human disease other than cancer: an update. Mutat. Res. 705, 96–106 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bae, T. et al. Analysis of somatic mutations in 131 human brains reveals aging-associated hypermutability. Science 377, 511–517 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bianconi, E. et al. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann. Hum. Biol. 40, 463–471 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sender, R., Fuchs, S. & Milo, R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol. 14, e1002533 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brunner, S. F. et al. Somatic mutations and clonal dynamics in healthy and cirrhotic human liver. Nature 574, 538–542 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blokzijl, F. et al. Tissue-specific mutation accumulation in human adult stem cells during life. Nature 538, 260–264 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martincorena, I. & Campbell, P. J. Somatic mutation in cancer and normal cells. Science 349, 1483–1489 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong, X. et al. Accurate identification of single-nucleotide variants in whole-genome-amplified single cells. Nat. Methods 14, 491–493 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, L. et al. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing reveals the functional landscape of somatic mutations in B lymphocytes across the human lifespan. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 9014–9019 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brazhnik, K. et al. Single-cell analysis reveals different age-related somatic mutation profiles between stem and differentiated cells in human liver. Sci. Adv. 6, eaax2659 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang, Z. et al. Single-cell analysis of somatic mutations in human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to aging and smoking. Nat. Genet. 54, 492–498 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Milholland, B. et al. Differences between germline and somatic mutation rates in humans and mice. Nat. Commun. 8, 15183 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, L. et al. Maintenance of genome sequence integrity in long- and short-lived rodent species. Sci. Adv. 7, eabj3284 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun, S. et al. Single-cell analysis of somatic mutation burden in mammary epithelial cells of pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J. Clin. Invest. 132 https://doi.org/10.1172/jci148113 (2022).

Zhang, L. et al. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing for discovering somatic mutations. GitHub https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7826180 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Luquette, L. J., Bohrson, C. L., Sherman, M. A. & Park, P. J. Identification of somatic mutations in single cell DNA-seq using a spatial model of allelic imbalance. Nat. Commun. 10, 3908 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bohrson, C. L. et al. Linked-read analysis identifies mutations in single-cell DNA-sequencing data. Nat. Genet. 51, 749–754 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Min, S. et al. Absence of coding somatic single nucleotide variants within well-known candidate genes in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s disease based on the analysis of multi-omics data. Neurobiol. Aging 108, 207–209 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, L. et al. Analysis of somatic mutations in senescent cells using single-cell whole-genome sequencing. AgingBio 1, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.59368/agingbio.20230005 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Schmitt, M. W. et al. Detection of ultra-rare mutations by next-generation sequencing. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 14508–14513 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abascal, F. et al. Somatic mutation landscapes at single-molecule resolution. Nature 593, 405–410 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maslov, A. Y. et al. Single-molecule, quantitative detection of low-abundance somatic mutations by high-throughput sequencing. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm3259 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zafar, H., Navin, N., Chen, K. & Nakhleh, L. SiCloneFit: Bayesian inference of population structure, genotype, and phylogeny of tumor clones from single-cell genome sequencing data. Genome Res. 29, 1847–1859 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang, F. et al. MEDALT: single-cell copy number lineage tracing enabling gene discovery. Genome Biol. 22, 70 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Telenius, H. et al. Degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR: general amplification of target DNA by a single degenerate primer. Genomics 13, 718–725 (1992).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dean, F. B., Nelson, J. R., Giesler, T. L. & Lasken, R. S. Rapid amplification of plasmid and phage DNA using Phi 29 DNA polymerase and multiply-primed rolling circle amplification. Genome Res. 11, 1095–1099 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zong, C., Lu, S., Chapman, A. R. & Xie, X. S. Genome-wide detection of single-nucleotide and copy-number variations of a single human cell. Science 338, 1622–1626 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen, C. et al. Single-cell whole-genome analyses by linear amplification via transposon insertion (LIANTI). Science 356, 189–194 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central