Bieber T (2008) Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 358:1483–1494. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMRA074081

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weidinger S, Beck LA, Bieber T et al (2018) Atopic dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41572-018-0001-Z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahn C, Huang W (2024) Clinical presentation of atopic dermatitis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1447:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54513-9_4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weidinger S, Novak N (2016) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 387:1109–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverberg JI, Barbarot S, Gadkari A et al (2021) Atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population: A cross-sectional, international epidemiologic study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 126:417–428e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANAI.2020.12.020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbarot S, Auziere S, Gadkari A et al (2018) Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in adults: results from an international survey. Allergy 73:1284–1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/ALL.13401

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guttman-Yassky E, Renert-Yuval Y, Brunner PM (2025) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 405:583–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02519-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Afshari M, Kolackova M, Rosecka M et al (2024) Unraveling the skin; a comprehensive review of atopic dermatitis, current understanding, and approaches. Front Immunol. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2024.1361005

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeldin J, Ratley G, Shobnam N, Myles IA (2024) The clinical, mechanistic, and social impacts of air pollution on atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACI.2024.07.027

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Çetinarslan T, Kümper L, Fölster-Holst R (2023) The immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction and skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis-an update. Front Mol Biosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMOLB.2023.1159404

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hülpüsch C, Rohayem R, Reiger M, Traidl-Hoffmann C (2024) Exploring the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis and disease modification. J Allergy Clin Immunol 154:31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACI.2024.04.029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chovatiya R, Silverberg JI (2022) Evaluating the longitudinal course of atopic dermatitis: implications for clinical practice. Am J Clin Dermatol 23:459–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40257-022-00697-W

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nomura T, Wu J, Kabashima K, Guttman-Yassky E (2020) Endophenotypic variations of atopic dermatitis by age, race, and ethnicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 8:1840–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIP.2020.02.022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Traidl-Hoffmann C, Afghani J, Akdis CA et al (2024) Navigating the evolving landscape of atopic dermatitis: challenges and future opportunities: the 4th Davos declaration. Allergy 79:2605–2624. https://doi.org/10.1111/ALL.16247

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bieber T, D’Erme AM, Akdis CA et al (2017) Clinical phenotypes and endophenotypes of atopic dermatitis: where are we, and where should we go? J Allergy Clin Immunol 139:S58–S64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACI.2017.01.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park CO, Kim SM, Lee KH, Bieber T (2024) Biomarkers for phenotype-endotype relationship in atopic dermatitis: a critical review. EBioMedicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EBIOM.2024.105121

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bieber T (2022) Atopic dermatitis: an expanding therapeutic pipeline for a complex disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21:21–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41573-021-00266-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanifin JM, Thurston M, Omoto M et al (2001) The eczema area and severity index (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 10:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0625.2001.100102.X

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stalder JF, Taïeb A, Atherton DJ et al (1993) Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus report of the European task force on atopic dermatitis. Dermatology 186:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000247298

Article  Google Scholar 

Charman CR, Venn AJ, Williams HC (2004) The patient-oriented eczema measure: development and initial validation of a new tool for measuring atopic eczema severity from the patients’ perspective. Arch Dermatol 140:1513–1519. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHDERM.140.12.1513

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang C, Wu X, He J et al (2024) Validation of IGA*BSA in assessing disease severity and response in patients with atopic dermatitis: A retrospective cohort study in China. https://doi.org/10.1089/DERM.2024.0226. Dermatitis

Simpson E, Bissonnette R, Eichenfield LF et al (2020) The validated investigator global assessment for atopic dermatitis (vIGA-AD): the development and reliability testing of a novel clinical outcome measurement instrument for the severity of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 83:839–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAD.2020.04.104

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lunjani N, Kerbelker T, Mdletshe FB et al (2024) Phenotypes, endotypes and genotypes of atopic dermatitis and allergy in populations of African ancestry on the continent and diaspora. Front Allergy. https://doi.org/10.3389/FALGY.2023.1203304

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chu DK, Schneider L, Asiniwasis RN et al (2024) Atopic dermatitis (eczema) guidelines: 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters GRADE- and Institute of Medicine-based recommendations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 132:274–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANAI.2023.11.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rob F, Pinkova B, Sokolova K et al (2025) Real-world efficacy and safety of dupilumab in children with atopic dermatitis under 6 years of age: a retrospective multicentric study. J Dermatolog Treat. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2025.2460578

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akan A, Dibek-Mısırlıoğlu E, Civelek E et al (2020) Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in children: comparison of the Hanifin-Rajka and the United Kingdom Working Party criteria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 48:175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2019.07.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams HC, Jburney PG, Hay RJ et al (1994) The U.K. working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 131:383–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08530.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams HC, Jburney PG, Strachan D, Hay RJ (1994) The U.K. working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. II. Observer variation of clinical diagnosis and signs of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 131:397–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2133.1994.TB08531.X

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams HC, Jburney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ (1994) The U.K. working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol 131:406–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2133.1994.TB08532.X

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hołdrowicz AM, Woźniacka A (2024) The efficacy and effectiveness of the biological treatment of pruritus in the course of atopic dermatitis. J Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM13061754

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yew YW, Thyssen JP, Silverberg JI (2019) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the regional and age-related differences in atopic dermatitis clinical characteristics. J Am Acad Dermatol 80:390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAD.2018.09.035