Boyd NF, Dite GS, Stone J, Gunasekara A, English DR, McCredie MR, Giles GG, Tritchler D, Chiarelli A, Yaffe MJ, Hopper JL (2002) Heritability of mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 347(12):886–894

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yaffe MJ (2008) Mammographic density. Measurement of mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 10(3):209

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lam PB, Vacek PM, Geller BM, Muss HB (2000) The association of increased weight, body mass index, and tissue density with the risk of breast carcinoma in Vermont. Cancer 89(2):369–375

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’orsi CJ, Sickles EA, Mendelson EB, Morris EA (2013) BI-RADS® Atlas, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System

Mann RM, Athanasiou A, Baltzer PAT, Camps-Herrero J, Clauser P, Fallenberg EM, Forrai G, Fuchsjäger MH, Helbich TH, Killburn-Toppin F, Lesaru M, Panizza P, Pediconi F, Pijnappel RM, Pinker K, Sardanelli F, Sella T, Thomassin-Naggara I, Zackrisson S, Gilbert FJ, Kuhl CK (2022) European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI). Breast cancer screening in women with extremely dense breasts recommendations of the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI). Eur Radiol 32(6):4036–4045

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCormack VA, dos Santos Silva I (2006) Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(6):1159–1169

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bertrand KA, Tamimi RM, Scott CG, Jensen MR, Pankratz V, Visscher D, Norman A, Couch F, Shepherd J, Fan B, Chen YY, Ma L, Beck AH, Cummings SR, Kerlikowske K, Vachon CM (2013) Mammographic density and risk of breast cancer by age and tumor characteristics. Breast Cancer Res 15(6):R104

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Turkoz FP, Solak M, Petekkaya I, Keskin O, Kertmen N, Sarici F, Arik Z, Babacan T, Ozisik Y, Altundag K (2013) Association between common risk factors and molecular subtypes in breast cancer patients. Breast 22(3):344–350

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Yaffe MJ, Minkin S (2011) Mammographic density and breast cancer risk: current understanding and future prospects. Breast Cancer Res 13(6):223

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vourtsis A, Berg WA (2019) Breast density implications and supplemental screening. Eur Radiol 29(4):1762–1777

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pawar A, Yalla P, Sharma M, Puj K, Aaron J, Warikoo V, Salunke A, Pandya S (2025) Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic outcomes of young adult women (aged 18–30 years) with breast cancer in Ahmedabad, India: a single-centre, retrospective observational study. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 40:100643

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Das D, Khanna D, Budukh A, Khokhar A, Pradhan S, Khanna AK, Chaturvedi P, Badwe R (2025) Prevalence and associated factors of mammography uptake among the women aged 45 years and above: policy implications from the longitudinal ageing study in India wave I survey. BMC Public Health 25(1):1073

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parmar V (2018) Rising incidence of breast cancer in the young fertile Indian population—a reality check. Indian J Surg Oncol 9(3):296–299

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A (2025) Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin 75(1):10–45

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anders CK, Johnson R, Litton J, Phillips M, Bleyer A (2009) Breast cancer before age 40 years. Semin Oncol 36(3):237–249

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varughese AA, Poothiode U, Manjula VD (2015) Descriptive study on selected risk factors and histopathology of breast carcinoma in a tertiary care centre in Kerala, India, with special reference to women under 40 years old. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16(1):181–185

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gogia A, Raina V, Deo SVS, Shukla NK, Mohanti BK (2014) Young breast cancer: a single-center experience. Indian J Cancer 51(4):604–608

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teo SY, Chuwa E, Latha S, Lew YL, Tan YY (2014) Young breast cancer in a specialised breast unit in Singapore: clinical, radiological and pathological factors. Ann Acad Med Singap 43(2):79–85

Article  Google Scholar 

Tfayli A, Temraz S, Abou Mrad R, Shamseddine A (2010) Breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries: an emerging and challenging epidemic. J Oncol 2010:490631

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sajjad B, Farooqi N, Rehman B, Khalid IB, Urooj N, Sajjad S, Mumtaz A, Tariq T, Iqbal Khan A, Parvaiz MA (2022) Correlation of Breast Density Grade on Mammogram with Diagnosed Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 14(7):e27028

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghosh K, Brandt KR, Sellers TA, Reynolds C, Scott CG, Maloney SD, Carston MJ, Pankratz VS, Vachon CM (2008) Association of mammographic density with the pathology of subsequent breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(4):872–879

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hack CC, Häberle L, Geisler K et al (2013) Mammographic Density and Prediction of Nodal Status in Breast Cancer Patients. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 73(2):136–141

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roubidoux MA, Bailey JE, Wray LA, Helvie MA (2004) Invasive cancers detected after breast cancer screening yielded a negative result: relationship of mammographic density to tumor prognostic factors. Radiology 230(1):42–48

Article  Google Scholar 

Sala E, Solomon L, Warren R, McCann J, Duffy S, Luben R, Day N (2000) Size, node status and grade of breast tumours: association with mammographic parenchymal patterns. Eur Radiol 10(1):157–161

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison DA, Duffy SW, Sala E, Warren RM, Couto E, Day NE (2002) Deterministic models for breast cancer progression: application to the association between mammographic parenchymal pattern and histologic grade of breast cancers. J Clin Epidemiol 55(11):1113–1118

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yaghjyan L, Colditz GA, Collins LC et al (2011) Mammographic breast density and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women according to tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:1179–1189

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartor H, Zackrisson S, Elebro K, Hartman L, Borgquist S (2015) Mammographic density in relation to tumor biomarkers, molecular subtypes, and mode of detection in breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 26:931–939

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai S, Song D, Chen M, Lai X, Xu J, Dong F (2023) The association between mammographic density and breast cancer molecular subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Radiol 78(8):622–632

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kocer HB, Menekse E, Turan U, Namdaroglu O, Barca AN, Araz L (2022) The Relationship Between Mammographic Density and Factors Affecting Breast Cancer Risk. Med Bull Sisli Etfal Hosp 56(1):119–125

Google Scholar 

Ji Y, Shao Z, Liu J, Hao Y, Liu P (2018) The correlation between mammographic densities and molecular pathology in breast cancer. Cancer Biomark 22:523–531

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li E, Guida JL, Tian Y, Sung H, Koka H, Li M, Chan A, Zhang H, Tang E, Guo C, Deng J, Hu N, Lu N, Gierach GL, Li J, Yang XR (2019) Associations between mammographic density and tumor characteristics in Chinese women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 177(2):527–536

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heusinger K, Jud SM, Häberle L (2012) Association of mammographic density with the proliferation marker Ki-67 in a cohort of patients with invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 135:885–892

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fernández-Morata J, Pollán M, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, Pachón-Olmos V, García-Pérez J, Castelló A, Sierra MÁ, Lucas P, Llobet R, Stradella A, Cantos B, Ramón Y, Cajal T, Santisteban M, Seguí MÁ, Santaballa Bertrán A, Granja M, Camps-Herrero J, Recalde S, Nuñez-García B, Calvo Verges N, Pérez-Gómez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Lope V (2025) Mammographic density and breast cancer pathological subtypes by menopausal status and body mass index. Breast Cancer Res 27(1):187

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central