Arima H, Hirate H, Sugiura T, Suzuki S, Takahashi S, Sobue K (2014) IV injection of polystyrene beads for mouse model of sepsis causes severe glomerular injury. J Intensive Care 2(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-0492-2-21

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barman TE (1974) Enzyme hand book. Springer-, New York

Book  Google Scholar 

Bell JK, Yennawar HP, Wright SK, Thompson JR, Viola RE, Banaszak LJ (2001) Structural analyses of a malate dehydrogenase with a variable active site. J Biol Chem 276(33):31156–31162. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M100902200

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bergmeyer HU, Gawehn K, Grassl M (1974) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic Press Inc 1, Cambridge, pp 521–522

Google Scholar 

Besseling E, Wang B, Lurling M, Koelmans AA (2014) Nanoplastic affects growth of S. obliquus and reproduction of D. magna. Environ Sci Technol 48(20):12336–12343. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503001d

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brun NR, van Hage P, Hunting ER, Haramis Anna-Pavlina G, Vink SC, Vijver MG, Schaaf MJM, Tudorache C (2019) Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt glucose metabolism and cortisol levels with a possible link to behavioural changes in larval zebrafish. Commun Biol 2:382. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0629-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Busch M, Bredeck G, Kämpfer AA, Schins RP (2020) Investigations of acute effects of polystyrene and Polyvinyl chloride micro-and nanoplastics in an advanced in vitro triple culture model of the healthy and inflamed intestine. Environ Res 193:110536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110536

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen YC, Chen KF, Lin KA, Chen JK, Jiang XY, Lin CH (2022) The nephrotoxic potential of polystyrene microplastics at realistic environmental concentrations. J Hazard Mater 427:127871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127871

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dal Yöntem F, Aydoğan Ahbab M (2024) Mitochondria as a target of micro-and nanoplastic toxicity. Cambridge Prisms:Plastics, 2, e6, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1017/plc.2024.6

Deng Y, Zhang Y, Lemos B, Ren H (2017) Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure. Sci Rep 7:46687. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46687

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dubaish F, Liebezeit G (2013) Suspended microplastics and black carbon particles in the Jade system, Southern North sea. Wat Air Soil Pollut 224:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1352-9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hollywood KA, Shadi IT, Goodacre R (2010) Monitoring the succinate dehydrogenase activity isolated from mitochondria by surface enhanced Raman scattering. J Phys Chem 114:7308–7313. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp908950x

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang W, Wang X, Chen D, Xu EG, Luo X, Zeng J, Huan T, Li L, Wang Y (2021) Toxicity mechanisms of polystyrene microplastics in marine mussels revealed by high-coverage quantitative metabolomics using chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 417:126003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ilechukwu I, Ehigiator BE, Ben IO, Okonkwo CJ, Olorunfemi OS, Modo UE, Ilechukwu CE, Ohagwa NJ (2022) Chronic toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics on reproductive parameters of male rats. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 37:e2022015. https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2022015

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim JE, Sonar NS, Thakuri LS, Park JW, Kim KT, Rhyu DY (2025) Mixtures of polystyrene micro and nanoplastics affects fat and glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and zebrafish larvae. NanoImpact 37:100549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2025.100549

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SE, Yi Y, Moon S, Yoon H, Park YS (2022) Impact of micro- and nanoplastics on mitochondria. Metabolites 12(10):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100897

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Guo M, Niu S, Shang M, Chang X, Sun Z, Zhang R, Shen X, Xue Y (2023) ROS and DRP1 interactions accelerate the mitochondrial injury induced by polystyrene nanoplastics in human liver HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 379:110502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110502

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liang Y, Liu D, Zhan J, Liu X, Li P, Ma X, Hou H, Wang P (2024) Polystyrene microplastics induce kidney injury via gut barrier dysfunction and C5a/C5aR pathway activation. Environ Pollut 342:122909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122909

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin P, Tong X, Xue F, Qianru C, Xinyu T, Zhe L, Zhikun Band Shu L (2022a) Polystyrene nanoplastics exacerbate lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial fibrosis and autophagy in mice via ROS/TGF-beta1/Smad. Toxicology 480:153338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2022.153338

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin S, Zhang H, Wang C, Su XL, Song Y, Wu P, Yang Z, Wong MH, Cai Z, Zheng C (2022b) Metabolomics reveal nanoplastic-induced mitochondrial damage in human liver and lung cells. Environ Sci Technol 56(17):12483–12493. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03980

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu T, Hou B, Wang Z, Yang Y (2022) Polystyrene microplastics induce mitochondrial damage in mouse GC-2 cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 237:113520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113520

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo T, Wang C, Pan Z, Jin C, Fu Z, Jin Y (2019) Maternal polystyrene microplastic exposure during gestation and lactation altered metabolic homeostasis in the dams and their F1 and F2 offspring. Environ Sci Technol 53:10978–10992. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03191

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Micakovic T, Banczyk WZ, Clark E, Kränzlin B, Peters J, Hoffmann SC (2019) Isolation of pure mitochondria from rat kidneys and Western blot of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Bio Protoc 9:3379. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.3379

Article  Google Scholar 

Montgomery R (1957) Determination of glycogen. Arch Biochem Biophys 67:378–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(57)90292-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pal S, Chatterjee AK (2005) Prospective protective role of melatonin against arsenic-induced metabolic toxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicology 208(1):25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.11.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pal S, Chakraborty S, Mondal S (2024) Dose dependent alteration in hepatic and cerebral glucose metabolism following exposure to polystyrene microplastic in Wistar rats. Ind J Physiol Allied Sci 76(1):32–39. https://doi.org/10.55184/ijpas.v76i01.213

Article  Google Scholar 

Pokrovsky AA, Archakov AI, Lyubimtseva ON, Strove EA, Makarova VO (1989) Laboratory manual in biochemistry. Mir, Moscow

Google Scholar 

Qian X, Jin P, Fan K, Pei H, He Z, Du R, Cao C, Yang Y (2024) Polystyrene microplastics exposure aggravates acute liver injury by promoting Kupffer cell pyroptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 126:111307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111307

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reitman S, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28(1):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

RohY, Kim J, Song H, Seol A, Kim T, Park E, Park K, Lim S, Wang S, Jung Y, Kim H, Lim Y, Hwang D (2024) Impact of the oral administration of polystyrene microplastics on hepatic lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism in C57BL/6Korl and C57BL/6-Lepem1hwl/Korl mice. Int J Mol Sci 25(9):4964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094964