Abid KA, Sobowale OA, Parkes LM, Naish J, Parker GJM, du Plessis D et al (2018) Assessing inflammation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage with PK11195 PET and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Neuroimaging 28:158–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12477
Akiguchi I, Tomimoto H, Suenaga T, Wakita H, Budka H (1997) Alterations in glia and axons in the brains of Binswanger’s disease patients. Stroke 28:1423–1429. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.28.7.1423
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Banati RB (2002) Visualising microglial activation in vivo. Glia 40:206–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.10144
Banati RB, Newcombe J, Gunn RN, Cagnin A, Turkheimer F, Heppner F et al (2000) The peripheral benzodiazepine binding site in the brain in multiple sclerosis: quantitative in vivo imaging of microglia as a measure of disease activity. Brain 123(Pt 11):2321–2337. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.11.2321
Brown RB, Tozer DJ, Loubière L, Hong YT, Fryer TD, Williams GB et al (2022) MINocyclinE to reduce inflammation and blood brain barrier leakage in small vessel diseAse (MINERVA) trial study protocol. Eur Stroke J 7:323–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873221100338
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Buss A, Brook GA, Kakulas B, Martin D, Franzen R, Schoenen J et al (2004) Gradual loss of myelin and formation of an astrocytic scar during Wallerian degeneration in the human spinal cord. Brain 127:34–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh001
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Buss A, Pech K, Merkler D, Kakulas BA, Martin D, Schoenen J et al (2005) Sequential loss of myelin proteins during Wallerian degeneration in the human spinal cord. Brain 128:356–364. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh355
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Castellani G, Croese T, Peralta Ramos JM, Schwartz M (2023) Transforming the understanding of brain immunity. Science 380:eabo7649. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo7649
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chaney A, Cropper HC, Johnson EM, Lechtenberg KJ, Peterson TC, Stevens MY et al (2019) (11)C-DPA-713 versus (18)F-GE-180: a preclinical comparison of translocator protein 18 kDa PET tracers to visualize acute and chronic neuroinflammation in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. J Nucl Med 60:122–128. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.209155
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen MK, Guilarte TR (2006) Imaging the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor response in central nervous system demyelination and remyelination. Toxicol Sci 91:532–539. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj172
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen Y, Rivier CA, Mora SA, Torres Lopez V, Payabvash S, Sheth K et al (2025) Spatial correlates of dementia and disability after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Am Heart Assoc 14:e037930. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.124.037930
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cosenza-Nashat M, Zhao ML, Suh HS, Morgan J, Natividad R, Morgello S et al (2009) Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 35:306–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Davies AJ, Kim HW, Gonzalez-Cano R, Choi J, Back SK, Roh SE et al (2019) Natural killer cells degenerate intact sensory afferents following nerve injury. Cell 176:716-728.e718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.022
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Edison P (2021) Microglial activation and blood-brain barrier leakage: Chicken and egg? Brain 144:1284–1285. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab149
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Evans NR, Tarkin JM, Buscombe JR, Markus HS, Rudd JHF, Warburton EA (2017) Pet imaging of the neurovascular interface in cerebrovascular disease. Nat Rev Neurol 13:676–688. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.129
Folkersma H, Boellaard R, Yaqub M, Kloet RW, Windhorst AD, Lammertsma AA et al (2011) Widespread and prolonged increase in (R)-(11)C-PK11195 binding after traumatic brain injury. J Nucl Med 52:1235–1239. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.110.084061
Garofalo S, Cocozza G, Porzia A, Inghilleri M, Raspa M, Scavizzi F et al (2020) Natural killer cells modulate motor neuron-immune cell cross talk in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Commun 11:1773. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15644-8
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gaudet AD, Popovich PG, Ramer MS (2011) Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 8:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-110
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ghadery C, Best LA, Pavese N, Tai YF, Strafella AP (2019) PET evaluation of microglial activation in non-neurodegenerative brain diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 19:38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-0951-x
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Giannetti P, Politis M, Su P, Turkheimer F, Malik O, Keihaninejad S et al (2014) Microglia activation in multiple sclerosis black holes predicts outcome in progressive patients: an in vivo [(11)C](R)-PK11195-PET pilot study. Neurobiol Dis 65:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.018
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, Dowlatshahi D, Francis B, Goldstein JN et al (2022) 2022 guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 53:e282–e361. https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0000000000000407
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Guilarte TR, Rodichkin AN, McGlothan JL, Acanda De La Rocha AM, Azzam DJ (2022) Imaging neuroinflammation with TSPO: a new perspective on the cellular sources and subcellular localization. Pharmacol Ther 234:108048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108048
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hagg T, Oudega M (2006) Degenerative and spontaneous regenerative processes after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 23:264–280. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.23.263
Herranz E, Giannì C, Louapre C, Treaba CA, Govindarajan ST, Ouellette R et al (2016) Neuroinflammatory component of gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 80:776–790. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24791
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hong H, Tozer DJ, Chen Y, Brown RB, Low A, Markus HS (2025) Perivascular space dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease is related to neuroinflammation. Brain 148:1540–1550. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae357
Johnson VE, Stewart JE, Begbie FD, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH, Stewart W (2013) Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury. Brain 136:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws322
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jolly AA, Brown RB, Tozer DJ, Hong YT, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI et al (2024) Are central and systemic inflammation associated with fatigue in cerebral small vessel disease? Int J Stroke 19:705–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930241245613
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kolabas ZI, Kuemmerle LB, Perneczky R, Förstera B, Ulukaya S, Ali M et al (2023) Distinct molecular profiles of skull bone marrow in health and neurological disorders. Cell 186:3706-3725.e3729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.009
Comments (0)