Cardiovascular Disease in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2021: Burden, Trends, and Risk Factors

Mensah GA, Fuster V, Murray CJL, Roth GA. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and Risks, 1990–2022. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(25):2350–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024; 403(10440):2162–2203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4.

Manla Y, Almahmeed W. The pandemic of coronary heart disease in the middle East and North africa: what clinicians need to know. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2023;25(9):543–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-023-01126-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma X, Liu R, Xi X, Zhuo H, Gu Y. Global burden of chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus, 1990–2021, and projections to 2050. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1513008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1513008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Network GBoDC. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) 1950–2019. Seattle, United States of America2020.

Evaluation IfHMa. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019/2021: Cardiovascular Diseases - MENA Region. Seattle, WA2021.

Joudeh AI, Elderawy NM, Alhitmi MA, Alnuaimi AS, Aabdien M, Alotaibi M, et al. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of primary healthcare physicians in Qatar towards hypertension management: an online cross-sectional study. Med (Baltim). 2023;102(38):e34751. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034751.

Article  Google Scholar 

AASHDMAB J. SMART population screening and management in Qatar. Int J Diabetes Clin Res. 2019;6:99. https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410099.

Article  Google Scholar 

Faisal E, Saad R, Al-Hashemi M, Grace SL, Papasavvas T, Turk-Adawi K. Evaluation of qatar’s first cardiac rehabilitation program: A brief report. Glob Heart. 2021;16(1):65. https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.862.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elhwuegi A, Teebar L. Impact of Chronic Stress on Cardiovascular System: Libyan Conflict Health Perspective. Part one: Types of Chronic Stresses. 2018. https://doi.org/10.4103/LIUJ.LIUJ_25_18

Hussain AM, Lafta RK. Burden of non-communicable diseases in Iraq after the 2003 war. Saudi Med J. 2019;40(1):72–8. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2019.1.23463.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saeed AA, Al-Hamdan NA, Bahnassy AA, Abdalla AM, Abbas MA, Abuzaid LZ, Prevalence. Awareness, Treatment, and control of hypertension among Saudi adult population: A National survey. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:174135. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/174135.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinna Pintor M, Suhrcke M, Hamelmann C. The impact of economic sanctions on health and health systems in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010968.

Amin M, Radwan A, Hemeda A. Cardio-metabolic problem in Egypt. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(4):549–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02346-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elhadi YAM. Progress and challenges in implementing non-communicable disease policies in Sudan. Health Res Policy Syst. 2023;21(1):130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-023-01079-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katoue MG, Cerda AA, García LY, Jakovljevic M. Healthcare system development in the middle East and North Africa region: Challenges, endeavors and prospective opportunities. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1045739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045739.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tong Z, Xie Y, Li K, Yuan R, Zhang L. The global burden and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in adolescent and young adults, 1990–2019. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18445-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Yang X, Du Y, Chen L, Dong J, Hu T, et al. Global cardiovascular disease burden attributable to particulate matter pollution, 1990–2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2045. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2025;25(1):401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04724-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Supports our environmental. -risk section and forward-looks policy urgency for PM reduction.

Alhabib KF, Gamra H, Almahmeed W, Hammoudeh A, Benkheddah S, Al Jarallah M, et al. Acute myocardial infarction and acute heart failure in the middle East and North africa: study design and pilot phase study results from the PEACE MENA registry. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(7):e0236292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236292.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mediterranean WROftE. Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance. Cairo2019.

Ministry of Health SA. Health Sector Transformation Program: Saudi Vision 2030. Riyadh2021.

Aldhmadi RIB. Combating tobacco use in Saudi arabia: a review of recent initiatives hail. Saudi Arabia: Department of Health Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail; 2020.

Google Scholar 

SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms. : new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(25):2439–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab309.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arabia) MoHS. Seha Virtual Hospital. https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/Projects/Pages/Seha-Virtual-Hospital.aspx Accessed.

Abu Dhabi Health Data S. DoH’s Malaffi and MOHAP Announce the Completion of the Latest Phase of Riayati Integration. https://mohap.gov.ae/en/w/uae-health-authorities-announce-successful-integration-between-riayati-malaffi-and-nabidh- Accessed.

Corporation HM. More than 80% of HMC Outpatient Care Provided through Telemedicine. https://www.hamad.qa/EN/news/2020/May/Pages/More-than-80-of-HMC-Outpatient-Care-Provided-through-Telemedicine.aspx Accessed.

Al-Thani H, Mekkodathil A, Hussain A, Sharaf A, Sadek A, Aldakhl-Allah A, et al. Implementation of vascular surgery teleconsultation during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from the outpatient vascular clinics in a tertiary care hospital in Qatar. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9):e0257458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257458.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neshnash M, Metwally N, Ismail M, Joudeh A, Al-Dahshan A, Sharif AR, et al. Satisfaction of primary care physicians towards initiation of phone consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic management in qatar: a cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2022;23(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-022-01654-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern M: Comprehensive assessment of Jordan’s health information system (HIS). https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/9789290222583-eng.pdf (2016). Accessed.

National Health Regulatory A. Telemedicine Dispensing Procedure (v1.0, 10 May 2020). https://www.nhra.bh/MediaHandler/ImageHandler/documents/Announcements/General%20038_NHRA_PPR_Telemedicine%20Dispensing%20Procedure%20v1.0_20200510.pdf (2020). Accessed.

Décret. n° 2-18-378 du 11 Kaada 1439 (25 Juillet 2018) relatif à La télémédecine. Morocco: Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc; 2018.

Google Scholar 

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of H. Uzaktan Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Sunumu Hakkında Yönetmelik (Regulation on the Provision of Remote Health Services). https://shgmturizmdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-87377/uzaktan-saglik-hizmetlerinin-sunumu-hakkinda-yonetmelik.html (2022). Accessed.

Birinci Ş. A digital opportunity for patients to manage their health: Turkey National personal health record system (The e-Nabız). Balkan Med J. 2023;40(3):215–21. https://doi.org/10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2023-2-77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Jawaldeh A, Perucic AM, Hammerich A, Moneim A, Ibrahim ET. A review of sugar-sweetened beverages taxation in Saudi Arabia and united Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J. 2024;30(11):746–56. https://doi.org/10.26719/2024.30.11.746.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minihane AM, Murphy KJ. The health benefits and practical considerations for the adoption of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern. Br J Nutr. 2022;128(7):1201–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114522002471.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif