Jia CH, Feng ZS, Lin XJ, Cui QL, Han SS, Jin Y et al (2022) Short term outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants from a multicenter cohort study in Guangdong of China. SCI REP-UK Sci Rep 12:11119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14432-2

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lin HJ, Du LZ, Ma XL, Shi LP, Pan JH, Tong XM et al (2015) Mortality and morbidity of extremely low birth weight infants in the mainland of China: a multi-center study. Chin Med J 128:2743–2750. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.167312

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin H, Xu C, Chen J, Ma X, Shi L, Shi W, Du L, Ni Y (2023) Alteration of the gut microbiota after surgery in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Pediatr 11:993759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.993759

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swanson JR, Hair A, Clark RH, Gordon PV (2022) Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) will soon become the most common form of surgical bowel disease in the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant. J Perinatol 42:423–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-022-01347-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gause CD, Hayashi M, Haney C, Rhee D, Karim O, Weir BW et al (2016) Mucous fistula refeeding decreases parenteral nutrition exposure in postsurgical premature neonates. J Pediatr Surg 51:1759–1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.06.018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chong C, van Druten J, Briars G, Eaton S, Clarke P, Tsang T, Yardley I (2019) Neonates living with enterostomy following necrotising enterocolitis are at high risk of becoming severely underweight. Eur J Pediatr 178:1875–1881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03440-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, Keating JP, Marshall R, Barton L, Brotherton T (1978) Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg 187:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-197801000-00001

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fredriksson F, Nystrom N, Waldenvik K, Orden H, Lindblom M, Paulsson M, Finkel Y, Lilja HE (2020) Improved outcome of intestinal failure in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 71:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002763

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wales PW, de Silva N, Kim JH, Lecce L, Sandhu A, Moore AM (2005) 2005/5/1. Neonatal short bowel syndrome: A cohort study. J Pediatr Surg 40:755–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.01.037

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jain A, Shah PS (2015) Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. JAMA Pediatr 169:863–872. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0987

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shepherd JL, Noori S (2019) What is a hemodynamically significant PDA in preterm infants? Congenit Heart Dis 14:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/chd.12727

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins RD, Jobe AH, Koso-Thomas M, Bancalari E, Viscardi RM, Hartert TV, Ryan RM, Kallapur SG, Steinhorn RH, Konduri GG, Davis SD, Thebaud B, Clyman RI, Collaco JM, Martin CR, Woods JC, Finer NN, Raju TNK (2018) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Executive summary of a workshop. J Pediatr 197:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.043

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lauriti G, Zani A, Aufieri R, Cananzi M, Chiesa PL, Eaton S, Pierro A (2014) Incidence, prevention, and treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis and intestinal failure-associated liver disease in infants and children: a systematic review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38:70–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607113496280

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu X, Ma H, Cheng S, Xue J (2024) Effect of early preventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus on metabolic bone disease in premature infants. BMC Pediatr 24:171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-024-04654-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones IH, Hall NJ (2020) Contemporary outcomes for infants with necrotizing enterocolitis-a systematic review. J Pediatr 220:86-92.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.11.011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carr BD, Gadepalli SK (2019) Does surgical management alter outcome in necrotizing enterocolitis? Clin Perinatol 46:89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2018.09.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wales PW, de Silva N, Kim J, Lecce L, To T, Moore A (2004) Neonatal short bowel syndrome: population-based estimates of incidence and mortality rates. J Pediatr Surg 39(5):690–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.01.036

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carlson SJ, Chang MI, Nandivada P, Cowan E, Puder M (2013) Neonatal intestinal physiology and failure. Semin Pediatr Surg 22:190–194. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2013.10.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amin SC, Pappas C, Iyengar H, Maheshwari A (2013) Short bowel syndrome in the NICU. Clin Perinatol 40:53–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2012.12.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang W, Chen G, Wang Y, Zhong W, Zhou C, Zhang J, Lv X, Du C, Zhu Z, Geng Q, Tang W (2022) Multi-center analysis of predictive factors of enteral autonomy and risk factors of complications of pediatric intestinal failure in China. Front Pediatr 10:813865. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.813865

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sparks EA, Khan FA, Fisher JG, Fullerton BS, Hall A, Raphael BP, Duggan C, Modi BP, Jaksic T (2016) Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with earlier achievement of enteral autonomy in children with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 51:92–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elfvin A, Dinsdale E, Wales PW, Moore AM (2015) Low birthweight, gestational age, need for surgical intervention and gram-negative bacteraemia predict intestinal failure following necrotising enterocolitis. Acta Paediatr 104:771–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12997

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garg PM, Denton MX, Talluri R, Ansari M, Riddick R, Ostrander MM, McDonald AG, Premkumar MH, Hillegass WB, Garg PP (2023) Clinical determinants of intestinal failure and death in preterm infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 16:589–596. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-230157

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gatti S, Quattrini S, Palpacelli A, Catassi GN, Lionetti ME, Catassi C (2022) Metabolic bone disease in children with intestinal failure and long-term parenteral nutrition: a systematic review. Nutrients 14:995. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050995

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin HJ, Shen XX, Ni YH, Ma XL, Shi LP, DU LZ (2021) Clinical effect of multi-oil fat emulsion for parenteral nutrition support in extremely low birth weight infants. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 23:229–235. https://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2011029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahman A, Kase JS, Murray YL, Parvez B (2020) Neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely low birth weight infants fed an exclusive human milk diet is not affected by growth velocity. Breastfeed Med 15:362–369. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0214

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong CR, Fullerton BS, Mercier CE, Morrow KA, Edwards EM, Ferrelli KR, Soll RF, Modi BP, Horbar JD, Jaksic T (2018) Growth morbidity in extremely low birth weight survivors of necrotizing enterocolitis at discharge and two-year follow-up. J Pediatr Surg 53:1197–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.085

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nayak SP, Huff KA, Zaniletti I, Ahmad I, DiGeronimo R, Hair A et al (2024) Cholestasis is associated with a higher rate of complications in both medical and surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol 44:100–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-023-01787-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar