Al-Otaish H, Al-Ayadhi L, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, Urbina MA, El-Ansary A (2018) Relationship between absolute and relative ratios of glutamate, glutamine and GABA and severity of autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 33(3):843–854

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH (2003) Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord 33(1):93–97

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almulla AF, Thipakorn Y, Tunvirachaisakul C, Maes M (2023) The Tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in autism spectrum disorder; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Res 16(12):2302–2315

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bala KA, Doğan M, Mutluer T, Kaba S, Aslan O, Balahoroğlu R, Çokluk E, Üstyol L, Kocaman S (2016) Plasma amino acid profile in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 20(5):923–929

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belov, Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M (2020) Ischemia-Triggered glutamate excitotoxicity from the perspective of glial cells. Front Cell Neurosci 14:51

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bitar T, Mavel S, Emond P, Nadal-Desbarats L, Lefèvre A, Mattar H, Soufia M, Blasco H, Vourc’h P, Hleihel W, Andres CR (2018) Identification of metabolic pathway disturbances using multimodal metabolomics in autistic disorders in a middle Eastern population. J Pharm Biomed Anal 152:57–65

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjørklund G, Meguid NA, El-Bana MA, Tinkov AA, Saad K, Dadar M, Hemimi M, Skalny AV, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Osredkar J, Urbina MA, Fabjan T, El-Houfey AA, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S (2020a) Oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Neurobiol 57(5):2314–2332

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boldyrev AA, Aldini G, Derave W (2013) Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiol Rev 93(4):1803–1845

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cameron JM, Levandovskiy V, Roberts W, Anagnostou E, Scherer S, Loh A, Schulze A (2017) Variability of creatine metabolism genes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci 18(8):1665

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Che X, Roy A, Bresnahan M, Mjaaland S, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C, Shang Y, Zhang K, Susser E, Fiehn O, Lipkin WI (2023) Metabolomic analysis of maternal mid-gestation plasma and cord blood in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 28(6):2355–2369

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Herrup K (2012) Glutamine acts as a neuroprotectant against DNA damage, beta-amyloid and H2O2-induced stress. PLoS ONE 7(3):e33177

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Doshi-Velez F, Ge Y, Kohane I (2014) Comorbidity clusters in autism spectrum disorders: an electronic health record time-series analysis. Pediatrics 133(1):e54–63

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El-Ansary A (2016) Data of multiple regressions analysis between selected biomarkers related to glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in Saudi autistic patients. Data Brief 7:111–116

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fons C, Campistol J (2016) Creatine defects and central nervous system. Semin Pediatr Neurol 23(4):285–289

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fuller EA, Oliver K, Vejnoska SF, Rogers SJ (2020) The effects of early intervention on social communication outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder: A Meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 50(5):1683–1700

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gevi F, Zolla L, Gabriele S, Persico AM (2016) Urinary metabolomics of young Italian autistic children supports abnormal Tryptophan and purine metabolism. Mol Autism 7:47

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Good P (2011) Do salt cravings in children with autistic disorders reveal low blood sodium depleting brain taurine and glutamine? Med Hypotheses 77(6):1015–1021

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris E (2023) Autism prevalence has been on the rise in the US for Decades-And that’s progress. JAMA 329(20):1724–1726

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S (2014) Autism Lancet 383(9920):896–910

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Likhitweerawong N, Thonusin C, Boonchooduang N, Louthrenoo O, Nookaew I, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC (2021) Profiles of urine and blood metabolomics in autism spectrum disorders. Metab Brain Dis 36(7):1641–1671

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lobar SL (2016) DSM-V changes for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): implications for diagnosis, management, and care coordination for children with ASDs. J Pediatr Health Care 30(4):359–365

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lord C (2002) Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS: manual. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA

Google Scholar 

Lussu M, Noto A, Masili A, Rinaldi AC, Dessì A, De, Angelis M, De Giacomo A, Fanos V, Atzori L, Francavilla R (2017) The urinary (1) H-NMR metabolomics profile of an Italian autistic children population and their unaffected siblings. Autism Res 10(6):1058–1066

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, Durkin MS, Fitzgerald RT, Furnier SM, Hughes MM, Ladd-Acosta CM, McArthur D, Pas ET, Salinas A, Vehorn A, Williams S, Esler A, Grzybowski A, Hall-Lande J, Nguyen RHN, Pierce K, Zahorodny W, Hudson A, Hallas L, Mancilla KC, Patrick M, Shenouda J, Sidwell K, DiRienzo M, Gutierrez J, Spivey MH, Lopez M, Pettygrove S, Schwenk YD, Washington A, Shaw KA (2023) Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, united States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ 72(2):1–14

Ming X, Stein TP, Barnes V, Rhodes N, Guo L (2012) Metabolic perturbance in autism spectrum disorders: a metabolomics study. J Proteome Res 11(12):5856–5862

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mussap M, Noto A, Fanos V (2016) Metabolomics of autism spectrum disorders: early insights regarding mammalian-microbial cometabolites. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 16(8):869–881

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orozco JS, Hertz-Picciotto I, Abbeduto L, Slupsky CM (2019) Metabolomics analysis of children with autism, idiopathic-developmental delays, and down syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 9(1):243

Rangel-Huerta OD, Gomez-Fernández A, de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Gil A, Perez-Navero JL, Flores-Rojas K, Martín-Borreguero P, Gil-Campos M (2019) Metabolic profiling in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without mental regression: preliminary results from a cross-sectional case-control study. Metabolomics 15(7):99

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ronemus M, Iossifov I, Levy D, Wigler M (2014) The role of de Novo mutations in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Nat Rev Genet 15(2):133–141

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schiff M, Benoist JF, Aïssaoui S, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Mouren MC, de Baulny HO, Delorme R (2011) Should metabolic diseases be systematically screened in nonsyndromic autism spectrum disorders? PLoS ONE 6(7):e21932

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmidt RJ, Liang D, Busgang SA, Curtin P, Giulivi C (2021) Maternal plasma metabolic profile demarcates a role for neuroinflammation in Non-Typical development of children. Metabolites 11(8):545

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schulze A, Bauman M, Tsai AC, Reynolds A, Roberts W, Anagnostou E, Cameron J, Nozzolillo AA, Chen S, Kyriakopoulou L, Scherer SW, Loh A (2016) Prevalence of creatine deficiency syndromes in children with nonsyndromic autism. Pediatrics 137(1)

Shen L, Liu X, Zhang H, Lin J, Feng C, Iqbal J (2020) Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders: current progress. Clin Chim Acta 502:41–54

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimmura C, Suda S, Tsuchiya KJ, Hashimoto K, Ohno K, Matsuzaki H, Iwata K, Matsumoto K, Wakuda T, Kameno Y, Suzuki K, Tsujii M, Nakamura K, Takei N, Mori N (2011) Alteration of plasma glutamate and glutamine levels in children with high-functioning autism. PLoS ONE 6(10):e25340

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central