Snijders, R. A. H., Brom, L., Theunissen, M., & van den Beuken-van Everdingen, M. H. J. (2023). Update on Prevalence of Pain in Patients with Cancer 2022: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 15(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030591

Rikard, S. M., Strahan, A. E., Schmit, K. M., & Guy, G. P., Jr. (2023). Chronic Pain Among Adults - United States, 2019–2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 72(15), 379–385, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1

Boland, J. W., Ziegler, L., Boland, E. G., McDermid, K., & Bennett, M. I. (2015). Is regular systemic opioid analgesia associated with shorter survival in adult patients with cancer? A systematic literature review. Pain, 156, 2152–2163.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boland, J. W. (2022). Effect of Opioids on Survival in Patients with Cancer. Cancers (Basel), 14(22), https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14225720

Sheikh, M., Alcala, K., Mariosa, D., Feng, X., Sarich, P., Weber, M., et al. (2023). MA03.08 Regular Use of Pharmaceutical Opioids and Subsequent Risk of Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 18(11), S107–S108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.09.132

Article  Google Scholar 

Sheikh, M., Brennan, P., Mariosa, D., & Robbins, H. A. (2023). Opioid medications: An emerging cancer risk factor? British Journal of Anaesthesia, 130(3), e401–e403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2022.12.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Afsharimani, B., Cabot, P., & Parat, M.-O. (2011). Morphine and tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 30(2), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-011-9285-0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tuerxun, H., & Cui, J. (2019). The dual effect of morphine on tumor development. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 21(6), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-018-1974-5

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hooijmans, C. R., Geessink, F. J., Ritskes-Hoitinga, M., & Scheffer, G. J. (2015). A systematic reviewand Meta-Analysis of the ability of analgesic drugs to reduce metastasis in experimental cancer models. Pain, 156(10), 1835–1844. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000296

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boland, J. W., Mcwilliams, K., Ahmedzai, S. H., & Pockley, A. G. (2014). Effects of opioids on immunologic parameters that are relevant to anti-tumour immune potential in patients with cancer: a systematic literature review. British Journal of Cancer, 111(5), https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.384

Afsharimani, B., Cabot, P., & Parat, M. (2011). Morphine use in cancer surgery. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2011.00046

Nguyen, J., Luk, K., Vang, D., Soto, W., Vincent, L., Robiner, S., et al. (2014). Morphine stimulates cancer progression and mast cell activation and impairs survival in transgenic mice with breast cancer. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 113(suppl1), i4–i13. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeu090

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gupta, K., Kshirsagar, S., Chang, L., Schwartz, R., Law, P. Y., Yee, D., & Hebbel, R. P. (2002). Morphine stimulates angiogenesis by activating proangiogenic and survival-promoting signaling and promotes breast tumor growth. Cancer Research, 62(15), 4491–4498.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Farooqui, M., Li, Y., Rogers, T., Poonawala, T., Griffin, R. J., Song, C. W., & Gupta, K. (2007). COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents chronic morphine-induced promotion of angiogenesis, tumour growth, metastasis and mortality, without compromising analgesia. British Journal of Cancer, 97(11), 1523. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604057

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sessler, D. I., Ben-Eliyahu, S., Mascha, E. J., Parat, M. O., & Buggy, D. J. (2008). Can regional analgesia reduce the risk of recurrence after breast cancer? Methodology of a multicenter randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29(4), 517–526.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Missair, A., Cata, J. P., Votta-Velis, G., Johnson, M., Borgeat, A., Tiouririne, M., et al. (2019). Impact of perioperative pain management on cancer recurrence: An ASRA/ESRA special article. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, 44(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2018-000001

Article  Google Scholar 

Connolly, C., & Buggy, D. J. (2016). Opioids and tumour metastasis: Does the choice of the anesthetic-analgesic technique influence outcome after cancer surgery? Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 29(4), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000360

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cakmakkaya, O. S., Kolodzie, K., Apfel, C. C., & Pace, N. L. (2014). Anaesthetic techniques for risk of malignant tumour recurrence. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev, 11, CD008877. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008877.pub2

Article  Google Scholar 

Sessler, D. I., Pei, L., Huang, Y., Fleischmann, E., Marhofer, P., Kurz, A., et al. (2019). Recurrence of breast cancer after regional or general anaesthesia: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 394(10211), 1807–1815. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32313-x

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boland, W. J., Ziegler, G. L., Boland, I. E., McDermid, I. K., & Bennett, I. M. (2015). Is regular systemic opioid analgesia associated with shorter survival in adult patients with cancer? A systematic literature review. Pain, 156(11), 2152–2163. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000306

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thomas, T. E., Bowers, K., Gomez, D., Morgan, O., Borowsky, P. A., Dutta, R., et al. (2023). The association between perioperative opioids and breast cancer recurrence: a narrative review of the literature. Translational Breast Cancer Research, 4, 12. https://doi.org/10.21037/tbcr-23-6

Saeed, I., La Caze, A., Hollmann, M. W., Shaw, P. N., & Parat, M.-O. (2021). New Insights on Tramadol and Immunomodulation. Current Oncology Reports, 23(11), 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-021-01121-y

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li, Y., Sun, L., Zhou, Q., Lee, A. J., Wang, L., Zhang, R., & Wang, S. (2024). Effects of opioid drugs on immune function in cancer patients. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 175, 116665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116665

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Filho, A. M., Turner, M. C., Warnakulasuriya, S., Richardson, D. B., Hosseini, B., Kamangar, F., et al. (2023). The carcinogenicity of opium consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology, 38(4), 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-023-00969-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Warnakulasuriya, S., Cronin-Fenton, D., Jinot, J., Kamangar, F., Malekzadeh, R., Dar, N. A., et al. (2020). Carcinogenicity of opium consumption. The Lancet Oncology, 21(11), 1407–1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30611-2

Article  Google Scholar 

IARC Lyon Cedex, France (2021). IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans, vol. 126. https://publications.iarc.fr/600

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

La Caze, A., Parat, M.-O., Sheikh, Foot, H., & Shrestha, S. (2024). Opioid use and cancer incidence andmortality. Retrieved from osf.io/cg69x

Havidich, J. E., Weiss, J. E., Onega, T. L., Low, Y. H., Goodrich, M. E., Davis, M. A., & Sites, B. D. (2021). The association of prescription opioid use with incident cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare population-based case-control study. Cancer, 127(10), 1648–1657. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33285

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Houston, M. G., McMenamin, Ú., Johnston, B., McDowell, R. D., Hughes, C. M., Murchie, P., & Cardwell, C. R. (2023). Exposure to weak opioids and risk of gastrointestinal tract cancers: A series of nested case-control studies. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 89(9), 2757–2766. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15759

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Degenhardt, L., Larney, S., Randall, D., Burns, L., & Hall, W. (2014). Causes of death in a cohort treated for opioid dependence between 1985 and 2005. Addiction, 109(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12337

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gibson, A., Randall, D., & Degenhardt, L. (2011). The increasing mortality burden of liver disease among opioid-dependent people: Cohort study. Addiction, 106(12), 2186–2192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03575.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Randall, D., Degenhardt, L., Vajdic, C. M., Burns, L., Hall, W. D., Law, M., & Butler, T. (2011). Increasing cancer mortality among opioid-dependent persons in Australia: A new public health challenge for a disadvantaged population. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 35(3), 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00682.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelty, E., Dobbins, T., & Hulse, G. (2017). Incidence of cancer and cancer related mortality in opiate dependent patients treated with methadone, buprenorphine or implant naltrexone as compared with non-opiate using controls. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems, 19(3), 65–71.

Google Scholar 

Swart, A., Burns, L., Mao, L., Grulich, A. E., Amin, J., O'Connell, D. L., et al. (2012). The importance of blood-borne viruses in elevated cancer risk among opioid-dependent people: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open, 2(5), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001755

Hser, Y. I., Saxon, A. J., Mooney, L. J., Miotto, K., Zhu, Y., Yoo, C. K., et al. (2019). Escalating Opioid Dose Is Associated With Mortality: A Comparison of Patients With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 13(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000458

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central