Appendix 1

Primary Role of Countries 2000–2011

Sellers

Buyers

Brokers

Surgery

India

Pakistan

China

Moldova

Brazil

United Kingdom

Philippines

Indonesia

Russian Federation

Egypt

Romania

Bangladesh

Nepal

Kazakhstan

Ukraine

Iraq

Jordan

Peru

Uzbekistan

Bulgaria

Serbia

Belarus

Georgia

Ireland

Nicaragua

Vietnam

Estonia

Kenya

Israel

United States

Singapore

Canada

Australia

Japan

Saudi Arabia

South Korea

Oman

United Arab Emirates

Germany

Greece

Poland

France

Iceland

Czechia

Sri Lanka

Yemen

South Africa

Turkey

Albania

Ecuador

Primary Role of Countries 2012–2022

Sellers

Buyers

Brokers

Surgery

India

China

Nepal

Bangladesh

Russian Federation

Nigeria

Ukraine

Syria

Iraq

Philippines

Afghanistan

Indonesia

Iran

Kazakhstan

Uganda

Vietnam

Belarus

Somalia

Morocco

Moldova

United States

Canada

United Kingdom

Germany

Oman

Australia

Saudi Arabia

Japan

Poland

Iceland

United Arab Emirates

Bahrain

Pakistan

Israel

Cambodia

Greece

Azerbaijan

Libya

Bulgaria

Sri Lanka

Turkey

Thailand

Egypt

Costa Rica

Singapore

South Africa

Serbia

Uzbekistan

Ecuador

Mexico

Kyrgyzstan

Example 1:

Sellers are implied to be local kidney providers or donors.

 → Seller Country: Moldova

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, three donors, three recipients and one person who arranged these operations, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Sellers are implied to be local kidney providers or donors.

Sellers are located in New Delhi.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Seller Country: India

Example 3:

Three Latin American men in Toronto are offering to sell their kidneys for transplant.The National Post reports the three are advertizing their organs in a Spanish-language newspaper.

Sellers are implied to be local kidney providers or donors.

Latin America is identified as the seller location, but it is a region, not a specific country.

 → Seller Country: None

"""

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Buyer

"""

Step 1: Identify individuals who received or purchased a kidney in the context of the kidney trade.

Step 2: Determine their country of origin or nationality based on the text.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the individual is a recipient or buyer, and not a seller, broker, or surgeon.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to sellers. No explanation.

Example 1:

"INTERPOL is co-ordinating a worldwide hunt for a woman from Moldova, who has been accused of making tens of thousands of pounds by encouraging at least 100 people from Moldova to sell their kidneys for transplants in Turkey"

Buyers are implied to be local kidney recipients or patients

 → Buyer Country: Turkey

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, three donors, three recipients and one person who arranged these operations, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Buyers are implied to be local kidney recipients or patients.

Buyers are identified in New Delhi.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Buyer Country: India

Example 3:

"There they are said to have agreed to have their left kidneys removed in return for Pounds 1,800. The organs were given to patients from western countries who are believed to have paid up to Pounds 15,000 each"

Buyers are implied to be local kidney recipients or patients.

Western countries is identified as the buyer location, but it is a region, not a specific country.

 → Buyer Country: None

"""

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Broker

"""

Step 1: Identify individuals or entities who arranged, coordinated, or facilitated the kidney trade (e.g., recruiting sellers, matching buyers, arranging travel or surgeries).

Step 2: Determine the country where each broker is based, operates from, or where the coordination activities took place.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the individual or organization is a broker or intermediary, and not a seller, buyer, or surgeon.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to brokers. No explanation.

Example 1:

"INTERPOL is co-ordinating a worldwide hunt for a woman from Moldova, who has been accused of making tens of thousands of pounds by encouraging at least 100 people from Moldova to sell their kidneys for transplants in Turkey".

Brokers are implied to be persons who arranging the operations.

 → Broker Country: Moldova.

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, three donors, three recipients and one person who arranged these operations, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Brokers are implied to be persons who arranging the operations.

Buyers are identified in New Delhi.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Broker Country: India.

Example 3:

"Sharma now got involved in the illegal kidney transplant business in cahoots with the notorious Dr Amit Kumar, who ran a multi-nation racket in South Asia".

Brokers are implied to be persons who arranging the operations.

South Asia is identified as the broker location, but it is a region, not a specific country.

 → Broker Country: None.

"""

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Surgery.

"""

Step 1: Identify the locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

Step 2: Look for keywords like hospital, clinic, transplant, operation, surgery, or doctors performing the surgery that clearly indicate where the procedure took place.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the location is linked to the transplant procedure, and not to the seller, buyer, or broker.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to surgery locations. No explanation.

Example 1:

"Thailand's Medical Council has revoked the license of one doctor and suspended those of four others after finding they had illegally traded in human organs, the council's officers said Friday"

Surgery are implied to be locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

 → Surgery Country: Thailand

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Surgery are implied to be locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

The involvement of doctors and illegal transplants links New Delhi to the surgeries.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Surgery Country: India

Example 3:

"Then they were flown to Europe, South America or Southeast Asia, where the medical surgeries were performed in illegal procedures."

Surgery are implied to be locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

Europe, South America or Southeast Asia are identified as the broker locations, but they are regions, not specific countries.

 → Surgery Country: None.

"""

Appendix 2

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Seller

"""

Step 1: Identify individuals who sold or lost a kidney in the context of the kidney trade.

Step 2: Determine their country of origin or nationality based on the text.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the person is a donor or victim who lost a kidney, and not a broker, buyer, or surgeon.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to sellers. No explanation.

Example 1:

"INTERPOL is co-ordinating a worldwide hunt for a woman from Moldova, who has been accused of making tens of thousands of pounds by encouraging at least 100 people from Moldova to sell their kidneys for transplants in Turkey"

Sellers are implied to be local kidney providers or donors.

 → Seller Country: Moldova

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, three donors, three recipients and one person who arranged these operations, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Sellers are implied to be local kidney providers or donors.

Sellers are located in New Delhi.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Seller Country: India

Example 3:

Three Latin American men in Toronto are offering to sell their kidneys for transplant.The National Post reports the three are advertizing their organs in a Spanish-language newspaper.

Sellers are implied to be local kidney providers or donors.

Latin America is identified as the seller location, but it is a region, not a specific country.

 → Seller Country: None

"""

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Buyer

"""

Step 1: Identify individuals who received or purchased a kidney in the context of the kidney trade.

Step 2: Determine their country of origin or nationality based on the text.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the individual is a recipient or buyer, and not a seller, broker, or surgeon.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to sellers. No explanation.

Example 1:

"INTERPOL is co-ordinating a worldwide hunt for a woman from Moldova, who has been accused of making tens of thousands of pounds by encouraging at least 100 people from Moldova to sell their kidneys for transplants in Turkey"

Buyers are implied to be local kidney recipients or patients

 → Buyer Country: Turkey

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, three donors, three recipients and one person who arranged these operations, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Buyers are implied to be local kidney recipients or patients.

Buyers are identified in New Delhi.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Buyer Country: India

Example 3:

"There they are said to have agreed to have their left kidneys removed in return for Pounds 1,800. The organs were given to patients from western countries who are believed to have paid up to Pounds 15,000 each"

Buyers are implied to be local kidney recipients or patients.

Western countries is identified as the buyer location, but it is a region, not a specific country.

 → Buyer Country: None

"""

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Broker

"""

Step 1: Identify individuals or entities who arranged, coordinated, or facilitated the kidney trade (e.g., recruiting sellers, matching buyers, arranging travel or surgeries).

Step 2: Determine the country where each broker is based, operates from, or where the coordination activities took place.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the individual or organization is a broker or intermediary, and not a seller, buyer, or surgeon.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to brokers. No explanation.

Example 1:

"INTERPOL is co-ordinating a worldwide hunt for a woman from Moldova, who has been accused of making tens of thousands of pounds by encouraging at least 100 people from Moldova to sell their kidneys for transplants in Turkey".

Brokers are implied to be persons who arranging the operations.

 → Broker Country: Moldova.

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, three donors, three recipients and one person who arranged these operations, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Brokers are implied to be persons who arranging the operations.

Buyers are identified in New Delhi.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Broker Country: India.

Example 3:

"Sharma now got involved in the illegal kidney transplant business in cahoots with the notorious Dr Amit Kumar, who ran a multi-nation racket in South Asia".

Brokers are implied to be persons who arranging the operations.

South Asia is identified as the broker location, but it is a region, not a specific country.

 → Broker Country: None.

"""

Chain-of-Thought System Prompt for Surgery.

"""

Step 1: Identify the locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

Step 2: Look for keywords like hospital, clinic, transplant, operation, surgery, or doctors performing the surgery that clearly indicate where the procedure took place.

Step 3: If only a city, village, or state is mentioned, identify the country that location belongs to and return the country name only.

Step 4: Confirm that the location is linked to the transplant procedure, and not to the seller, buyer, or broker.

Step 5: If no country or identifiable location is provided, return None.

Step 6: If identified location is too vague, such as "Western countries", "African Countries" or "Latin America", return None.

Step 7: only Output the names of countries specifically linked to surgery locations. No explanation.

Example 1:

"Thailand's Medical Council has revoked the license of one doctor and suspended those of four others after finding they had illegally traded in human organs, the council's officers said Friday"

Surgery are implied to be locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

 → Surgery Country: Thailand

Example 2:

"Police have arrested nine people, including two doctors, for illegal transplant of purchased kidneys in New Delhi."

Surgery are implied to be locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

The involvement of doctors and illegal transplants links New Delhi to the surgeries.

New Delhi is a city; it's located in India.

 → Surgery Country: India.

Example 3:

"Then they were flown to Europe, South America or Southeast Asia, where the medical surgeries were performed in illegal procedures."

Surgery are implied to be locations where kidney transplant surgeries were physically performed.

Europe, South America or Southeast Asia are identified as the broker locations, but they are regions, not specific countries.

 → Surgery Country: None.

"""