Sarhan NT, Elmotayam AS, Saadawy SF, Elfwakhry RM, Fawzy HM, IsmaiL MH. Neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis: serum biomarkers and correlation with MRI lesion localization. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92: 106003.

Article  Google Scholar 

Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:169–80. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1401483.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kobelt G, Thompson A, Berg J, Gannedahl M, Eriksson J, MSCOI Study Group. European Multiple Sclerosis Platform. New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Mult Scler. 2017;23(8):1123–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517694432.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goodin DS. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: insights to disease pathogenesis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;122:231–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52001-2.00010-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solaro C, Brichetto G, Amato P. The prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis. A multicenter cross-sectional study. Neurology. 2004;63(5):919–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heitmann H, Haller B, Tiemann L, Mühlau M, Berthele A, Tölle TR, et al. German competence network multiple sclerosis (KKNMS). Longitudinal prevalence and determinants of pain in multiple sclerosis: results from the German National Multiple Sclerosis Cohort study. Pain. 2020;161(4):787–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doth AH, Hansson PT, Jensen MP, Taylor RS. The burden of neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of health utilities. Pain. 2010;149:338–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Österberg A, Boivie J, Thuomas KA. Central pain in multiple sclerosis-prevalence and clinical characteristics. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:531–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet. 1999;353:1959–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor AB, Schwid SR, Herrmann DN, Markman JD, Dworkin RH. Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and proposed classification. Pain. 2008;137(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.024.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ro D, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T. Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in MS. Neurology. 2005;65(6):812–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Solaro C, Uccelli MM. Management of pain in multiple sclerosis: a pharmacological approach. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:519–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.120.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Truini A, Barbanti P, Pozzilli C, Cruccu G. A mechanism-based classification of pain in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2013;260:351–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6579-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stenager E, Knudsen L, Jensen K. Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. A 5-year follow-up study. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1995;16:629–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferraro D, Plantone D, Morselli F, Dallari G, Simone AM, Vitetta F. Systematic assessment and characterization of chronic pain in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Sci. 2018;39:445–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonica JJ. Introduction: semantic, epidemiologic, and educational issues. In: Casey KL, editor. Pain and central nervous system disease: the central pain syndromes. New York: Raven Press; 1991. vol.137, p. 96–111.

Arendt-Nielsen L, Morlion B, Perrot S, et al. Assessment and manifestation of central sensitisation across different chronic pain conditions. Eur J Pain. 2018;22:216–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1140.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain. 2009;10:895–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouyang H, Li X, Xu H, et al. Risk factors of neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective case cohort study. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1309583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1309583.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park J, Luo ZD. Calcium channel functions in pain processing. Channels. 2010;4:510–7. https://doi.org/10.4161/chan.4.6.12869.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dolphin AC. Functions of presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Function. 2021;2:zqaa027. https://doi.org/10.1093/function/zqaa027.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paré A, Mailhot B, Lévesque SA, Juzwik C, Ignatius Arokia Doss PM, Lécuyer M-A, et al. IL-1β enables CNS access to CCR2hi monocytes and the generation of pathogenic cells through GM-CSF released by CNS endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:E1194–203. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714948115.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodrigues D, Leles B, Costa V, Miranda A, Cisalpino D, Gomes D, et al. IL-1β is involved with the generation of pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53:6540–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9552-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33(11):1444–52. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.33.11.1444.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smets EMA, Garssen B, Bonke BD, De Haes JCJM. The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39:315–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres? Pain. 1997;72:95–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain. 2001;92:147–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pricope CV, Tamba BI, Stanciu GD, Cuciureanu M, Neagu AN, Creanga-Murariu I, et al. The roles of imaging biomarkers in the management of chronic neuropathic pain. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(21):13038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113038.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shkodina AD, Bardhan M, Chopra H, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for the management of neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2024;38(3):205–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gurba KN, Chaudhry R, Haroutounian S. Central neuropathic pain syndromes: current and emerging pharmacological strategies. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(5):483–526.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McBenedict B, Goh K, Yau R, et al. Neuropathic pain secondary to multiple sclerosis: a narrative review. Cureus. 2024;16(6): e61587. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61587.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rivel M, Achiron A, Dolev M, Stern Y, Zeilig G, Defrin R. Unique features of central neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis: results of a cluster analysis. Eur J Pain. 2022;26:1107–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1934.

Article