Fonseca MT, Siqueira LFR, Belo IS, Rodrigues LG, De Torres EM, Franco A, et al. Anatomy of the mastoid triangle and morphometric sex differences. Morphologie. 2023;357(107):252–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2022.11.003.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paiva LAS, Segre M. Sexing the human skull through the mastoid process. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med São Paulo. 2003;58(1):15–20. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812003000100004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madadin M, Menezes RG, Al Dhafeeri O, Kharoshah MA, Al Ibrahim R, Nagesh KR, et al. Evaluation of the mastoid triangle for determining sexual dimorphism: A Saudi population based study. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;254(1):244.e1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toneva DH, Nikolova SY, Zlatareva DK, Hadjidekov VG, Lazarov NE. Sex estimation by mastoid triangle using 3D models. Homo. 2019;70(1):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2019/1010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manoonpol C, Plakornkul V. Sex determination using mastoid process measurement in Thais. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(3):423–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Del Bove A, Menéndez L, Manzi G, Moggi-Cecchi J, Lorenzo C, Profico A. Mapping sexual dimorphism signal in the human cranium. Sci Rep. 2023;13:16847. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43007-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Edwards MH, Gregson CL, Patel HP, Jameson KA, Harvey NC, Sayer AA. Muscle size, strength and physical performance and their associations with bone structure in the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(11):2295–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1972.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cvetko E, Karen P, Eržen I. Myosin heavy chain composition of the human sternocleidomastoid muscle. Ann Anat. 2012;194(5):467–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2012.05.001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gray H. Neuroanatomy. In: Standring S. Gray’s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016.

Zheng L, Siegmund G, Ozyigit G, Vasavada A. Sex-specific prediction of neck muscle volumes. J Biomech. 2013;46(5):899–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.12.018.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allam FAFAB, Allam MFAB. Sex discrimination of mastoid process by anthropometric measurements using multidetector computed tomography in Egyptian adult population. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2016;6(4):361–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.05.001.

Article  Google Scholar 

Passey J, Pandey S, Singh R, Singh S. Morphometric study of the mastoid triangle for sexual dimorphism of dry skulls in the North Indian population. Cureus. 2021;13:e14859. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14859.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jaja BN, Ajua CO, Didia BC. Mastoid triangle for sex determination in adult Nigerian population: a validation study. J Forensic Sci. 2013;58:1575–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12299.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanchan T, Gupta A, Krishan K. Estimation of sex from mastoid triangle - a craniometric analysis. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20:855–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.06.016.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Başaloğlu HK, Çeri NG, Turgut M, İpek ED, Sakall G. Validity of metric assessment of mastoid triangle in sex determination: an anatomical study. Meandros Med Dent J. 2021;22:312–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kemkes A, Göbel T. Metric assessment of the “mastoid triangle” for sex determination: a validation study. J Forensic Sci. 2006;51(5):985–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00232.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cown PT, Sandhu G, Adigun OO. Anatomy, head and neck, asterion. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Mwachaka PM, Hassanali J, Odula PO. Anatomic position of the asterion in Kenyans for posterolateral surgical approaches to cranial cavity. Clin Anat. 2010;23(1):30–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.20888.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marandi HJ, Gharehdaghi J, Fars F, Zeinali M, Safari H. The morphology of the pterion and asterion sutures in Iranian population. Eur J Anat. 2021;25:83–8.

Google Scholar 

Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aromataris E, Munn Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. Adelaide: Joanna Briggs Institute; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Franco A, De Oliveira MN, Vidigal MTC, Blumenberg C, Pinheiro AA, Paranhos LR. Assessment of dental age estimation methods applied to Brazilian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2021;50(2):20200128. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20200128.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Borm GF. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brydges CR. Effect size guidelines, sample size calculations, and statistical power in gerontology. Innov Aging. 2019;3(4):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz036.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Ebert DD. Doing meta-analysis with R: A hands-on guide. Boca Raton, FL and London: CRC Press/Chapmann & Hall; 2021.

Book  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.

Book  Google Scholar 

Sterne JAC, Sutton AF, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi L, Lin L. The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(23):e15987. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015987.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balduzzi S, Rücker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Statist Soft. 2010;36(3):1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa T, Ebert DD. dmetar: Companion R package for the guide ‘doing meta-analysis in R’. R package version 0.1.0. 2019. http://dmetar.protectlab.org/. Accessed 18 Oct 2024.

Saini V, Srivastava R, Rai RK, Shamal SN, Singh TB, Tripathi SK. Sex estimation from the mastoid process among North Indians. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(2):434–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01966.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jain D, Jasuja OP, Nath S. Sex determination of human crania using Mastoid triangle and Opisthion-Bimastoid triangle. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20(4):255–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.09.020.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gangrade P, Yadav R, Jain LK. Sexing the human skull using mastoid process measurements. Res Rev J Med Health Sci. 2013;2(1):35–9.

Google Scholar 

Bhagya B, Hema N, Ramakrishna A. Validation metrics of the mastoid triangle. Nitte Uni J Health Sci. 2018;32(1):44–5.

Google Scholar 

Shah S, Patel P. Sexing the human skull using the mastoid process. NHL J Med Sci. 2018;2(2):75–8.

Google Scholar 

Bhayya H, Tejasvi MLA, Jayalakshmi B, Reddy MM. Craniometric assessment of gender using mastoid process. J Ind Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2018;30(1):52–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_127_17.