Vachon CR, Martinez MV. Understanding gunshot residue evidence and its role in forensic science. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2019;40(3):210–9.
Lichtenberg W. Methods for the determination of shooting distance. Forensic Sci Rev. 1990;2(1):8.
Suchenwirth H. Ein einfaches spezifisches Abdruckverfahren zum Erfassen und Beurteilen von Schmauchbildern. Archiv Krim. 1972;150:152.
Sellier K. Shot range determination. Forensic Science Progress vol. 6, Springer Verlag, Conference proceedings. 1991.
European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). Best practice manual for chemographic methods for gunshot residue analysis: ENFSI-BPM-FGR-01; ENFSI. 2015. Available online: https://enfsi.eu/docfile/best-practice-manual-for-chemographic-methods-in-gunshot-residue-analysis/. Accessed 1 Dec 2023.
Niewöhner L, Barth M, Neimke D, Latzel S, Stamouli A, Nys B, Gunaratnam L, Fries K, Uhlig S, Baldauf H. Development, design, and realization of a proficiency test for the forensic determination of shooting distances – FDSD 2015. Forensic Chem. 2016;1:22–30.
McFarland RC, McLain ME. Rapid neutron activation analysis for gunshot residue determination. J Forensic Sci. 1973;18(3):226–31.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rudzitis E, Wahlgren M. Firearm residue detection by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Forensic Sci. 1975;20(1):119–24.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yuksel B, Ozler-Yigiter A, Bora T, Sen N, Kayaalti Z. GFAAS determination of antimony, barium, and lead levels in gunshot residue swabs: an application in forensic chemistry. Atomic Spectrosc. 2016;37(4):164–9.
Koon’s RD, Havekost DG, Peters CA. Analysis of gunshot primer residue collection swabs using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry: a re-examination of extraction and instrument procedures. J Forensic Sci. 1987;32(4):846–65.
Ward DC. Gunshot residue collection for scanning electron-microscopy. Scan Electron Micros. 1982;3:1031–6.
Campbell JA. Analysis of metallic components of GSR from various types of ammunition and firearms utilizing an SEM-EDX. Thesis: Duquesne University; 2018. https://dsc.duq.edu/gsrs/2018/proceedings/3.
Brozek-Mucha Z, Jankowicz A. Evaluation of the possibility of differentiation between various types of ammunition by means of GSR examination with SEM-EDX method. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;123(1):39–47.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Romano S, De-giorgio F, Onofrio C, Gravina L, Abate S. Characterization of gunshot residues from non-toxic ammunition and their persistence on the shooter’s hands. Int J Legal Med. 2020;134:1083–94.
French J, Morgan R. An experimental investigation of the indirect transfer and deposition of gunshot residue: further studies carried out with SEM-EDX analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;247:14–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schwoeble AJ, Exline DL. Current methods in forensic gunshot residue analysis. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2000. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420042573.
Dalby O, Butler D, Birkett JW. Analysis of gunshot residue and associated materials–a review. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(4):924–43.
Goudsmits E, Sharples GP, Birkett JW. Recent trends in organic gunshot residue analysis. Trends Anal Chem. 2015;74:46–57.
Brozek-Mucha Z. Distribution and properties of gunshot residue originating from a luger 9 mm ammunition in the vicinity of the shooting gun. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;183(1–3):33–44.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ditrich H. Distribution of gunshot residues–the influence of weapon type. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;220(1–3):85–90.
Zain ZM, Jaluddin SM, Abdul Halim MI, Mohamed Subri MS. The effect of type of firearm and shooting distance on pattern distribution, particle dispersion and amount of gunshot residue. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2021;11:1–9.
Flynn J, Kobus H. Evaluation of X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry for the elemental analysis of firearm discharge residues. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;97:21–36.
Botello D, Deskins D, Staton P, Rushton C Copeland J. The effects of powder, barrel length & velocity on distance determination. 2013;1–25. https://www.marshall.edu/forensics/files/Distance-Determination. Accessed 15 Jan 2024.
Blakey LS, Sharples GP, Chana K, Birkett JW. Fate and behaviour of gunshot residue-a review. J Forensic Sci. 2017;63(1):9–19.
Fojtášek L. Vacı́nová J, Kolář P, Kotrlý M: distribution of GSR particles in the surroundings of shooting pistol. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;132(2):99–105.
Kazimirov VI, Zorin AD, Zanozina VF. Application of x-ray fluorescence analysis to investigation of the composition of gunshot residues. J Appl Spectrosc. 2006;73:359–65.
Bueno J, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Attenuated total reflectance-FT-IR spectroscopy for gunshot residue analysis: potential for ammunition determination. Anal Chem. 2013;85(15):7287–94.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bueno J, Lednev IK. Attenuated total reflectance-FT-IR imaging for rapid and automated detection of gunshot residue. Anal Chem. 2014;86:3389–96.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bueno J, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Raman spectroscopic analysis of gunshot residue offering great potential for caliber differentiation. Anal Chem. 2012;84:4334–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chohra M, Beladel B, Baba Ahmed L, Mouzai M, Akretche D, Zeghdaoui A, Mansouri A, Benamar MEA. Study of gunshot residue by NAA and ESEM/EDX using several kinds of weapon and ammunition. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2015;8(3):404–10.
Lopez-Lopez M, Delgado JJ, García-Ruiz C. Ammunition identification by means of the organic analysis of gunshot residues using raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2012;84:3581–5.
Comments (0)