Alexander GM, Peterlin BL, Perreault MJ, Grothusen JR, Schwartzman RJ (2012) Changes in plasma cytokines and their soluble receptors in complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain 13:10–20
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Atalay NS, Ercidogan O, Akkaya N, Sahin F (2014) Prednisolone in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Physician 17:179–185
Barbalinardo S, Loer SA, Goebel A, Perez RS (2016) The treatment of longstanding complex regional pain syndrome with oral steroids. Pain Med 17:337–343
Bianchi C, Rossi S, Turi S, Brambilla A, Felisari G, Mascheri D (2006) Long-term functional outcome measures in corticosteroid-treated complex regional pain syndrome. Eura Medicophys 42:103–111
Birklein F, O’Neill D, Schlereth T (2015) Complex regional pain syndrome: an optimistic perspective. Neurology 84:89–96
Borchers AT, Gershwin ME (2014) Complex regional pain syndrome: a comprehensive and critical review. Autoimmun Rev 13:242–265
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Braus DF, Krauss JK, Strobel J (1994) The shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke: a prospective clinical trial. Ann Neurol 36:728–733
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bruehl S (2015) Complex regional pain syndrome. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 351:h2730
Bussa M, Mascaro A, Cuffaro L, Rinaldi S (2017) Adult complex regional pain syndrome type I: a narrative review. PM R 9:707–719
Choi JH, Yu KP, Yoon YS, Kim ES, Jeon JH (2016) Relationship between HbA1c and complex regional pain syndrome in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Rehabil Med. 40(5):779–785. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2016.40.5.779
Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I (1982) The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand 148:653–655
Eun Young H, Hyeyun K, Sang Hee I (2016) Pamidronate effect compared with a steroid on complex regional pain syndrome type I: pilot randomised trial. Neth J Med 74:30–35
Evans JA (1946a) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg Clin N Am 26:780–790
Evans JA (1946b) Sympathectomy for reflex sympathetic dystrophy; report of twenty-nine cases. J Am Med Assoc 132(11):620–623
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Goh EL, Chidambaram S, Ma D (2017) Complex regional pain syndrome: a recent update. Burns Trauma 19(5):2
Gross O, Tschernatsch M, Bräu ME, Hempelmann G, Birklein F, Kaps M et al (2007) Increased seroprevalence of parvovirus B 19 IgG in complex regional pain syndrome is not associated with antiendothelial autoimmunity. Eur J Pain 11:237–240
Hao S, Mata M, Glorioso JC, Fink DJ (2006) HSV-mediated expression of interleukin-4 in dorsal root ganglion neurons reduces neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 17(2):6
Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS, Saltz S, Bertram M, Backonja M et al (1999) Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Pain 83:211–219
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Harden NR, Bruehl S, Perez RSGM, Birklein F, Marinus J, Maihofner C et al (2010) Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “Budapest criteria”) for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 150:268–274
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Harden RN, McCabe CS, Goebel A, Massey M, Suvar T, Grieve S et al (2022) Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 5th edition. Pain Med 23:S1-S53
Jamroz A, Berger M, Winston P (2020) Prednisone for acute complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. Pain Res Manag 25(2020):8182569
Kalita J, Vajpayee A, Misra UK (2006) Comparison of prednisolone with piroxicam in complex regional pain syndrome following stroke: a randomized controlled trial. QJM 99:89–95
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kalita J, Misra U, Kumar A, Bhoi SK (2016) Long-term prednisolone in post-stroke complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Physician 19:565–574
Kalita J, Pandey PC, Shukla R, Misra UK (2023) Prednisolone 20 mg vs 40 mg in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Neurosci 113:108–113
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kohr D, Singh P, Tschernatsch M, Kaps M, Pouokam E, Diener M et al (2011) Autoimmunity against the β2 adrenergic receptor and muscarinic-2 receptor in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 152:2690–2700
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee JI, Kwon SW, Lee A, Tae WS, Pyun SB (2021) Neuroanatomical correlates of poststroke complex regional pain syndrome: a voxel-based lesion symptom-mapping study. Sci Rep 22(11):13093
Lenz M, Üçeyler N, Frettlöh J, Höffken O, Krumova EK, Lissek S et al (2013) Local cytokine changes in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) resolve after 6 months. Pain 15:2142–2149
Li WW, Guo TZ, Liang DY, Sun Y, Kingery WS, Clark JD (2012) Substance P signaling controls mast cell activation, degranulation, and nociceptive sensitization in a rat fracture model of complex regional pain syndrome. Anesthesiology 116:882–895
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Littlejohn G (2015) Neurogenic neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia and complex regional pain syndrome. Nat Rev Rheumatol 11:639–648
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mackey S, Feinberg S (2007) Pharmacologic therapies for complex regional pain syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep 11:38–43
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Marinus J, Moseley GL, Birklein F, Baron R, Maihöfner C, Kingery WS et al (2011) Clinical features and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Lancet Neurol 10:637–648
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Misidou C, Papagoras C (2019) Complex regional pain syndrome: an update. Mediterr J Rheumatol 30:16–25
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Munnikes RJ, Muis C, Boersma M, Heijmans-Antonissen C, Zijlstra FJ, Huygen FJ (2005) Intermediate stage complex regional pain syndrome type 1 is unrelated to proinflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2005:366–372
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pare A (1634) Of the cure of wounds of the nervous system. The collected works of Ambroise Pare. Milford House, New York
Parkitny L, McAuley JH, Di Pietro F, Stanton TR, O’Connell NE, Marinus J et al (2013) Inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 80:106–117
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pichery M, Mirey E, Mercier P, Lefrancais E, Dujardin A, Ortega N et al (2012) Endogenous IL-33 is highly expressed in mouse epithelial barrier tissues, lymphoid organs, brain, embryos, and inflamed tissues: in situ analysis using a novel Il-33-LacZ gene trap reporter strain. J Immunol 188:3488–3495
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sandroni P, Benrud-Larson LM, McClelland RL, Low PA (2003) Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted county, a population-based study. Pain 103:199–207
Schinkel C, Gaertner A, Zaspel J, Zedler S, Faist E, Schuermann M (2006) Inflammatory mediators are altered in the acute phase of posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain 22:235–239
Schinkel C, Scherens A, Koller M, Roellecke G, Muhr G, Maier C (2009) Systemic inflammatory mediators in post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS I): longitudinal investigations and differences to control groups. Eur J Med Res 14:130–135
Comments (0)