GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923–94.
Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–89.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fanghänel G, Sánchez-Reyes L, Trujillo C, Sotres D, Espinosa-Campos J. Metformin’s effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with secondary failure to sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(11):1185–9.
Rittig N, Aagaard NK, Villadsen GE, Sandahl TD, Jessen N, Grønbaek H, et al. Randomised clinical study: acute effects of metformin versus placebo on portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;54(3):320–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhou L, Liu H, Wen X, Peng Y, Tian Y, Zhao L. Effects of metformin on blood pressure in nondiabetic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2017;35(1):18–26.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, de Zeeuw D, Stehouwer CD, Gansevoort RT. The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Intern Med. 2004;256(1):1–14.
Holmes MV. Human genetics and drug development. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(11):1076–9.
Gordillo-Marañón M, Zwierzyna M. Validation of lipid-related therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease prevention using human genetics. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):6120.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zheng J, Xu M, Walker V, Yuan J, Korologou-Linden R, Robinson J, et al. Evaluating the efficacy and mechanism of metformin targets on reducing Alzheimer’s disease risk in the general population: a Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia. 2022;65(10):1664–75.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
GTEx Consortium. The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues. Science. 2020;369(6509):1318–30.
Võsa U, Claringbould A, Westra H-J, Bonder MJ, Deelen P, Zeng B, et al. Large-scale cis- and trans-eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression. Nat Genet. 2021;53(9):1300–10.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zheng J, Haberland V, Baird D, Walker V, Haycock PC, Hurle MR, et al. Phenome-wide Mendelian randomization mapping the influence of the plasma proteome on complex diseases. Nat Genet. 2020;52(10):1122–31.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562(7726):203–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipilä TP, Kristiansson K, Donner KM, et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature. 2023;613(7944):508–18.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife. 2018;7:e34408.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Giri A, Hellwege JN, Keaton JM, Park J, Qiu C, Warren HR, et al. Trans-ethnic association study of blood pressure determinants in over 750,000 individuals. Nat Genet. 2019;51(1):51–62.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Verbanck M, Chen C-Y, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Balduzzi S, Rücker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153–60.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kosegawa I, Katayama S, Kikuchi C, Kashiwabara H, Negishi K, Ishii J, et al. Metformin decreases blood pressure and obesity in OLETF rats via improvement of insulin resistance. Hypertens Res: Off J Japan Soc Hypertens. 1996;19(1):37–41.
Majithiya JB, Balaraman R. Metformin reduces blood pressure and restores endothelial function in aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2006;78(22):2615–24.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qu H, Gong X, Liu X, Zhang R, Wang Y, Huang B, et al. Deficiency of mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase exacerbates podocyte injury and the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes. 2021;70(6):1372–87.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Langston PK, Nambu A. Glycerol phosphate shuttle enzyme GPD2 regulates macrophage inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(9):1186–95.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Justin Rucker A, Crowley SD. The role of macrophages in hypertension and its complications. Pflugers Arch. 2017;469(3–4):419–30.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang A, Jia Z, Wang N, Tidwell TJ, Yang T. Relative contributions of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase to deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension in mice. Kidney Int. 2011;80(1):51–60.
Comments (0)