World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022).
Ahmed, A. et al. A century of BCG: impact on tuberculosis control and beyond. Immunol. Rev. 301, 98–121 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Abubakar, I. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence on the duration of protection by bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination against tuberculosis. Health Technol. Assess. 17, 1–372 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hart, P. D. & Sutherland, I. BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Br. Med J. 2, 293–295 (1977).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mangtani, P. et al. Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58, 470–480 (2014).
Aronson, N. E. et al. Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska Natives: a 60-year follow-up study. JAMA 291, 2086–2091 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nguipdop-Djomo, P., Heldal, E., Rodrigues, L. C., Abubakar, I. & Mangtani, P. Duration of BCG protection against tuberculosis and change in effectiveness with time since vaccination in Norway: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16, 219–226 (2016).
Whittaker, E., Nicol, M. P., Zar, H. J., Tena-Coki, N. G. & Kampmann, B. Age-related waning of immune responses to BCG in healthy children supports the need for a booster dose of BCG in TB endemic countries. Sci. Rep. 8, 15309 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Palmer, C. E. & Long, M. W. Effects of infection with atypical mycobacteria on BCG vaccination and tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 94, 553–568 (1966).
Poyntz, H. C. et al. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria have diverse effects on BCG efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 94, 226–237 (2014).
Verma, D., Chan, E. D. & Ordway, D. J. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria interference with BCG-current controversies and future directions. Vaccines. 8, 688 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brandt, L. et al. Failure of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine: some species of environmental mycobacteria block multiplication of BCG and induction of protective immunity to tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 70, 672–678 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dutt, T. S. et al. Mucosal exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria elicits B cell-mediated immunity against pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Rep. 41, 111783 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Behr, M. A. BCG–different strains, different vaccines? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 86–92 (2002).
Brewer, T. F. & Colditz, G. A. Relationship between bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strains and the efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 126–135 (1995).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Colditz, G. A. et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA 271, 698–702 (1994).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
TAG. Tuberculosis Research Funding Trends 2005–2021 (2022).
Tait, D. R. et al. Final analysis of a trial of M72/AS01(E) vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 2429–2439 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nemes, E. et al. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 138–149 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hansen, S. G. et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in rhesus macaques by a cytomegalovirus-based vaccine. Nat. Med. 24, 130–143 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Darrah, P. A. et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization. Nature 577, 95–102 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Scriba, T. J., Netea, M. G. & Ginsberg, A. M. Key recent advances in TB vaccine development and understanding of protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Semin. Immunol. 50, 101431 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dockrell, H. M. & McShane, H. Tuberculosis vaccines in the era of Covid-19—what is taking us so long? EBioMedicine 79, 103993 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kaufmann, S. H. E. Vaccine development against tuberculosis over the last 140 years: failure as part of success. Front. Microbiol. 12, 750124 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Andersen, P. & Scriba, T. J. Moving tuberculosis vaccines from theory to practice. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 19, 550–562 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Scriba, T. J. et al. Vaccination against tuberculosis with whole-cell mycobacterial vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 214, 659–664 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Grode, L. et al. Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin mutants that secrete listeriolysin. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 2472–2479 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuizen, N. E. et al. The recombinant bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine VPM1002: ready for clinical efficacy testing. Front. Immunol. 8, 1147 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Farinacci, M., Weber, S. & Kaufmann, S. H. The recombinant tuberculosis vaccine rBCG DeltaureC::hly(+) induces apoptotic vesicles for improved priming of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Vaccine 30, 7608–7614 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cotton, M. F. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of VPM1002 versus BCG in South African newborn babies: a randomised, phase 2 non-inferiority double-blind controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1472–1483 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Arbues, A. et al. Construction, characterization and preclinical evaluation of MTBVAC, the first live-attenuated M. tuberculosis-based vaccine to enter clinical trials. Vaccine 31, 4867–4873 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Munseri, P. et al. DAR-901 vaccine for the prevention of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among BCG-immunized adolescents in Tanzania: A randomized controlled, double-blind phase 2b trial. Vaccine 38, 7239–7245 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nell, A. S. et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the novel antituberculous vaccine RUTI: randomized, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial in patients with latent tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 9, e89612 (2014).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bourinbaiar, A. S. et al. Phase III, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of tableted, therapeutic TB vaccine (V7) containing heat-killed M. vaccae administered daily for one month. J. Clin. Tuberc. Other Mycobact. Dis. 18, 100141 (2020).
Van Der Meeren, O. et al. Phase 2b controlled trial of M72/AS01E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 1621–1634 (2018).
Jenum, S. et al. A Phase I/II randomized trial of H56:IC31 vaccination and adjunctive cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor treatment in tuberculosis patients. Nat. Commun. 12, 6774 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sagawa, Z. K. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a thermostable ID93 + GLA-SE tuberculosis vaccine candidate in healthy adults. Nat. Commun. 14, 1138 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hu, Z., Lu, S. H., Lowrie, D. B. & Fan, X. Y. Research advances for virus-vectored tuberculosis vaccines and latest findings on tuberculosis vaccine development. Front Immunol. 13, 895020 (2022).
Comments (0)