Epidemiology of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome

Xie, Z. et al. Global burden of the key components of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 36, 1572–1584 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ndumele, C. E. et al. Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 148, 1606–1635 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ndumele, C. E. et al. A synopsis of the evidence for the science and clinical management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 148, 1636–1664 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal, R., Ostrominski, J. W. & Vaduganathan, M. Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages in US adults, 2011–2020. JAMA 331, 1858–1860 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Claudel, S. E., Schmidt, I. M., Waikar, S. S. & Verma, A. Cumulative incidence of mortality associated with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrology 10, 1681 (2025).

Google Scholar 

Zhu, R. et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages by social determinants of health. JAMA Netw. Open. 7, e2445309–e2445309 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Minhas, A. M. K. et al. Prevalence of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in the United States. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 83, 1824–1826 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang, R., Parekh, T., Hagan, K. K., Javed, Z. & Ostrominski, J. W. State-level prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages in the United States, 2011 to 2023. JACC Adv. 4, 101754 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold, S. V. et al. Burden of cardio-renal-metabolic conditions in adults with type 2 diabetes within the Diabetes Collaborative Registry. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 20, 2000–2003 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang, H. et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages among middle-aged and older adults in China. JACC Asia 5, 393–395 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He, D. et al. Rising prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in China, 2010-2019. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 86, 213–216 (2025).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong, S. B. et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2021. Epidemiol. Health 47, e2025005 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trimarco, V. et al. Increased prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome during COVID-19: a propensity score-matched study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 218, 111926 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang, Y.-P. et al. Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study. J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis. 13, 100325 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji, H. et al. Sex differences in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: 30-year US trends and mortality risks — brief report. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 45, 157–161 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saeedi, P. et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 157, 107843 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaacks, L. M. et al. The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7, 231–240 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cockwell, P. & Fisher, L.-A. The global burden of chronic kidney disease. Lancet 395, 662–664 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blüher, M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 15, 288–298 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schulz, L. O. et al. Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. Diabetes Care 29, 1866–1871 (2006).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scarborough, P. et al. Increased energy intake entirely accounts for increase in body weight in women but not in men in the UK between 1986 and 2000. Br. J. Nutr. 105, 1399–1404 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carden, T. J. & Carr, T. P. Food availability of glucose and fat, but not fructose, increased in the U.S. between 1970 and 2009: analysis of the USDA food availability data system. Nutr. J. 12, 130 (2013).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Myers, C. A., Slack, T., Martin, C. K., Broyles, S. T. & Heymsfield, S. B. Regional disparities in obesity prevalence in the United States: a spatial regime analysis. Obesity 23, 481–487 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peeters, A. Obesity and the future of food policies that promote healthy diets. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14, 430–437 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chodick, G. et al. Heritability of body mass index among familial generations. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e2419029–e2419029 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsai, M.-K. et al. Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a retrospective cohort study. PLOS Med. 22, e1004629 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen, Y. et al. Prevalence and mortality association of different stages of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. JACC Adv. 4, 101843 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li, N. et al. Association between different stages of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and the risk of all-cause mortality. Atherosclerosis 397, 118585 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vieira de Oliveira Salerno, P. R. et al. Social and environmental determinants of health and cardio-kidney-metabolic syndrome – related mortality. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e2435783–e2435783 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duan, L. et al. Dietary antioxidants and mortality in early-stage CKM syndrome: insights from NHANES. Nutr. Metab. 22, 77 (2025).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim, B. S. et al. Longitudinal changes in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages and their impact on outcomes: a nationwide cohort study. J. Clin. Med. 14, 3888 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mensink, R. P.E Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 711S–714S (1993).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agarwala, A. et al. Implementation of prevention science to eliminate health care inequities in achieving cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 148, 1183–1193 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sawhney, S. et al. Care processes and outcomes of deprivation across the clinical course of kidney disease: findings from a high-income country with universal healthcare. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. 38, 1170–1182 (2023).

Comments (0)

No login
gif