Alimohammadi S, Hosseini MS, Behbood L (2019) Prenatal exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles can induce depressive-like behaviors in mice offspring. Int J Pept Res Ther 25(1):401–409

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alirezaei M, Dezfoulian O, Kheradmand A (2015) Novel antioxidant properties of ghrelin and oleuropein versus lipopolysaccharide-mediated renal failure in rats. Int J Pept Res Ther 21(4):411–421

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arioz BI, Tastan B, Tarakcioglu E, Tufekci KU, Olcum M, Ersoy N, Bagriyanik A, Genc K, Genc S (2019) Melatonin attenuates LPS-induced acute depressive-like behaviors and microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway. Front Immunol 10:1511

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baatar D, Patel K, Taub DD (2011) The effects of ghrelin on inflammation and the immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 340:44–58

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benson S, Brinkhoff A, Lueg L, Roderigo T, Kribben A, Wilde B, Witzke O, Engler H, Schedlowski M, Elsenbruch S (2017) Effects of acute systemic inflammation on the interplay between sad mood and affective cognition. Transl Psychiatry 7(12):1281

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borner T, Pinkernell S, Lutz TA, Riediger T (2012) Lipopolysaccharide inhibits ghrelin-excited neurons of the arcuate nucleus and reduces food intake via central nitric oxide signaling. Brain Behav Immun 26(6):867–879

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burdick Sanchez NC, Dailey JW, Broadway PR, Davis EM, Bowen BM, Petry AL, Ballou MA, Hales KE, Carroll JA (2025) Ghrelin modulates innate immune and ileal responses to lipopolysaccharide administration in weaned pigs. Front Anim Sci 6:1572264

Article  Google Scholar 

Chang L, Zhao J, Yang J, Zhang Z, Du J, Tang C (2003) Therapeutic effects of ghrelin on endotoxic shock in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 473:171–176

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Piao J, Geng Z, Han X, Li R, Cui R, Li B (2025) Ginsenoside Rd alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors via regulating TLR4-PI3K-NF-κB-JMJD3 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 162:115071

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, Wang Y, Tang Y, Xia M, Li B (2024) Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 9:30

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cui S, Nian Q, Chen G, Wang X, Zhang J, Qiu J, Zhang Z (2019) Ghrelin ameliorates A549 cell apoptosis caused by paraquat via p38-MAPK regulated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Toxicology 426:152267

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DellaGioia N, Hannestad J (2010) A critical review of human endotoxin administration as an experimental paradigm of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34:130–143

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fang K, Li HR, Chen XX, Gao XR, Huang LL, Du AQ, Jiang C, Li H, Ge JF (2020) Quercetin alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behavior in rats via regulating BDNF-related imbalance of copine 6 and TREM1/2 in the hippocampus and PFC. Front Pharmacol 10:1544

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frago LM, Baquedano E, Argente J, Chowen JA (2011) Neuroprotective actions of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues. Front Mol Neurosci 4:23

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D (2020) The good, the bad and the unknown aspects of ghrelin in stress coping and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 12:594484

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

García-Cáceres C, Fuente-Martín E, Díaz F, Granado M, Argente-Arizón P, Frago LM, Freire-Regatillo A, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA (2014) The opposing effects of ghrelin on hypothalamic and systemic inflammatory processes are modulated by its acylation status and food intake in male rats. Endocrinology 155:2868–2880

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ge L, Liu L, Liu H, Liu S, Xue H, Wang X, Yuan L, Wang Z, Liu D (2015) Resveratrol abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior, neuroinflammatory response, and CREB/BDNF signaling in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 768:49–57

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grigoleit JS, Kullmann JS, Wolf OT, Hammes F, Wegner A, Jablonowski S, Engler H, Gizewski E, Oberbeck R, Schedlowski M (2011) Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans. PLoS One 6(12):e28330

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han H, Yao J, Wu J, Mao S, Pan H, Qv L, Zhu G, Ren J, Yu Y, Xuan F, Zeng L, Ma Y, Yang Z, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Li MD (2025) Implications of neurogenesis in depression through BDNF: rodent models, regulatory pathways, gut microbiota, and potential therapy. Mol Psychiatry 30:4409–4421

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han QQ, Huang HJ, Wang YL, Yang L, Pilot A, Zhu XC, Yu R, Wang J, Chen XR, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Yu J (2019) Ghrelin exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic effect via the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 93:11–20

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han W, Cui C, Zhang H, Guo Y, Xie D, Zhang W, Wang C, Yang M, Jiang P (2022) Ghrelin ameliorates diabetes-associated behavioral deficits and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via autophagic flux enhancement. Pharmacol Res 179:106224

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang CX, Yuan MJ, Huang H, Wu G, Liu Y, Yu SB, Li HT, Wang T (2009) Ghrelin inhibits post-infarct myocardial remodeling and improves cardiac function through anti-inflammation effect. Peptides 30:2286–2291

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang HJ, Chen XR, Han QQ, Wang J, Pilot A, Yu R, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Wang YQ, Yu J (2019) The protective effects of Ghrelin/GHSR on hippocampal neurogenesis in CUMS mice. Neuropharmacology 155:31–43

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen M, Ratner C, Rudenko O, Christiansen SH, Skov LJ, Hundahl C, Woldbye DP, Holst B (2016) Anxiolytic-like effects of increased ghrelin receptor signaling in the amygdala. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 19(5):pyv123

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jesulola E, Micalos P, Baguley IJ (2018) Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: from monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model-are we there yet? Behav Brain Res 341:79–90

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeyhoonabadi M, Alimoahmmadi S, Hassanpour S, Hashemnia M (2022) Betaine ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in zinc oxide nanoparticles exposed mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 200(11):4771–4781

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiao Q, Du X, Li Y, Gong B, Shi L, Tang T, Jiang H (2017) The neurological effects of ghrelin in brain diseases: beyond metabolic functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 73:98–111

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson RW, Propes MJ, Shavit Y (1996) Corticosterone modulates behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol 270(1):R192–R198

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly KA, Michalovicz LT, Miller JV, Castranova V, Miller DB, O’Callaghan JP (2018) Prior exposure to corticosterone markedly enhances and prolongs the neuroinflammatory response to systemic challenge with LPS. PLoS One 13:e0190546

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim KK, Jin SH, Lee BJ (2013) Herpes virus entry mediator signaling in the brain is imperative in acute inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss. Endocrinol Metab 28(3):214–220

Article  Google Scholar 

Kojima M, Kangawa K (2005) Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 85(2):495–522