Ahmed SM, Luo L, Namani A, Wang XJ, Tang X (2017) Nrf2 signaling pathway: pivotal roles in inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1863(2):585–597

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balamurugan V, Fatima S, Velurajan S (2019) A guide to phytochemical analysis. Int J Adv Res Innov Ideas Educat 5(1):236–245

Google Scholar 

Balogh DB, Wagner LJ, Fekete A (2023) An overview of the cardioprotective effects of novel antidiabetic classes: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 24(9)

Bertoccini L, Baroni MG (2021) GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: new insights and opportunities for cardiovascular protection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1307:193–212

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bihan DG, Rydzak T, Wyss M, Pittman K, McCoy KD, Lewis IA (2022) Method for absolute quantification of short chain fatty acids via reverse phase chromatography mass spectrometry. PLoS ONE 17(4):e0267093

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chattopadhyay M, Khemka VK, Chatterjee G, Ganguly A, Mukhopadhyay S, Chakrabarti S (2015) Enhanced ROS production and oxidative damage in subcutaneous white adipose tissue mitochondria in obese and type 2 diabetes subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 399(1–2):95–103

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Yang B, Stanton C, Ross RP, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W (2021) Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining intestinal mechanical barrier, blocking proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling, and altering gut microbiota. J Agric Food Chem 69(5):1496–1512

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cooper, H. S., S. N. Murthy, R. S. Shah and D. J. Sedergran (1993). "Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis." Lab Invest 69(2): 238-249.

Collaborators GBDIBD (2020) The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(1):17–30

Article  Google Scholar 

Dou X, Gao N, Yan D, Shan A (2020) Sodium Butyrate alleviates mouse colitis by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. Animals (Basel) 10(7)

Dieleman, L. A., M. J. Palmen, H. Akol, E. Bloemena, A. S. Peña, S. G. Meuwissen and E. P. Van Rees (1998). "Chronic experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) is characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokines." Clin Exp Immunol 114(3): 385-391.

Fan H, Shen L, Tang Q, Xiong P, Shou Z, Liao Y, Liang L, Chen X (2009) Effect of Wumeiwan on cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and expression of NF-kappaBp65 in rats with ulcerative colitis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 29(5):650–654

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fanizzi F, Allocca M, Fiorino G, Zilli A, Furfaro F, Parigi TL, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, D’Amico F (2024) Raising the bar in ulcerative colitis management. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 17:17562848241273066

Article  Google Scholar 

Feuerstein JD, Moss AC, Farraye FA (2019) Ulcerative colitis. Mayo Clin Proc 94(7):1357–1373

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Floch MH, Montrose DC (2005) Use of probiotics in humans: an analysis of the literature. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 34(3):547-570,x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Habbas AH, Abu-Raghif AR, Ridha-Salman H, Hussein MN (2025) Therapeutic effect of bosentan on 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model. Arch Dermatol Res 317(1):436

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han DG, Bae MJ, An BJ (2022) Anti-inflammatory activity of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) substances in LPS-stimulated RAW 2647 macrophages. Molecules 27(24)

Holmes E, Li JV, Athanasiou T, Ashrafian H, Nicholson JK (2011) Understanding the role of gut microbiome-host metabolic signal disruption in health and disease. Trends Microbiol 19(7):349–359

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang XE, Yang SM, Zhou XJ, Zhang Y (2020) Effects of mesalazine combined with bifid triple viable on intestinal flora, immunoglobulin and levels of cal, MMP-9, and MPO in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur Rev Med PhaRmacol Sci 24(2):935–942

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang W, Yin J, Han M, He W, Zhao Y, Hu J, Wang M, Wang S, Xu J, Deng CJJOIR (2025) N4BP3 activates TLR4-NF-κB pathway in inflammatory bowel disease by promoting K48-linked IκBα ubiquitination. Pp. 7167–7181

Jimoh MA, Idris OA, Jimoh MO (2020) Cytotoxicity, phytochemical, antiparasitic screening, and antioxidant activities of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae). Plants (Basel) 9(9):1249

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jing M, Wang Y, Xu L (2019) Andrographolide derivative AL-1 ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced murine colitis by inhibiting NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:6138723

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joshi M, Reddy ND, Kumar N, Sumalatha S, Chamallamudi MR (2020) Cinnamyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives inhibited LPS-stimulated NF-kB expression in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro and mitigated experimental colitis in Wistar rats in vivo. Curr Pharm des 26(38):4934–4943

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kakkar R, Kalra J, Mantha SV, Prasad K (1995) Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 151(2):113–119

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kancherla N, Dhakshinamoothi A, Chitra K, Komaram RB (2019) Preliminary analysis of phytoconstituents and evaluation of anthelminthic property of Cayratia auriculata (in vitro). Maedica (Bucur) 14(4):350–356

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan MY, Kumar VJJOC, I Medicine (2017) Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of Mucuna pruriens L. seed extract and its isolated compounds. 14(4): 20170014

Krasner NM, Ido Y, Ruderman NB, Cacicedo JM (2014) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide inhibits endothelial cell inflammation through a calcium and AMPK dependent mechanism. PLoS ONE 9(5):e97554

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumbhare SD, Ukey SS, Gogle DPJSR (2023) Antioxidant activity of Flemingia praecox and Mucuna pruriens and their implications for male fertility improvement. 13(1): 19360

Lampariello LR, Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Sticozzi C, Valacchi G (2012) The magic velvet bean of Mucuna pruriens. J Tradit Complement Med 2(4):331–339

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, Li T, Liang X, Zhu L, Fang Y, Dong L, Zheng Y, Xu X, Li M, Cai T, Zhao F, Xin M, Shao M, Guan Y, Liu M, Li F, Zhang C, Wang Q, Sun W, Zheng Y (2025a) A decrease in Flavonifractor plautii and its product, phytosphingosine, predisposes individuals with phlegm-dampness constitution to metabolic disorders. Cell Discov 11(1):25

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y-K, Li W-R, Ren H, Xiao C-L, Guo Z, Luo J-Q (2025b) Gut microbiome-targeted therapeutics for chronic kidney disease: comparative efficacy of probiotic and microbial preparations. Inflammopharmacology 33(12):7569–7585

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu GH, Qu J, Shen X (2008) NF-kappaB/p65 antagonizes Nrf2-ARE pathway by depriving CBP from Nrf2 and facilitating recruitment of HDAC3 to MafK. Biochim Biophys Acta 1783(5):713–727

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahdy RNE, Nader MA, Helal MG, Abu-Risha SE, Abdelmageed ME (2025) Protective effect of dulaglutide, a GLP1 agonist, on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: involvement of GLP-1, TFF-3, and TGF-beta/PI3K/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 398(5):5611–5628

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maryam J, Bushra M, Abida Y, Mir AK (2012) Pharmacological activities of selected plant species and their phytochemical analysis. J Med Plants Res 6(37):5013–5022

Article  Google Scholar 

Mundhe N, Kumar P, Arora I, Ahmed S, Lahkar M (2019) Differential effect of NDGA on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Spargue-Dawley rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 41(1):68–75

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nama L, Bhushan R, Kumar P, Arumugam S, Ranjan OP, Kumar P, Kumar N (2025) Chitosan nanoparticles of rutin mitigated histological changes induced in DNCB-induced colitis by enhanced modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. J Mol Histol 56(4):200

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noor NM, Sousa P, Paul S, Roblin X (2022) Early diagnosis, early stratification, and early intervention to deliver precision medicine in IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 28(8):1254–1264

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pandey KB, Rizvi SI (2009) Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2(5):270–278

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pathak-Gandhi N, Vaidya AD (2017) Management of Parkinson’s disease in Ayurveda: Medicinal plants and adjuvant measures. J Ethnopharmacol 197:46–51

Article  PubMed