Ma Q, Li R, Wang L et al (2021) Temporal trend and attributable risk factors of stroke burden in China, 1990–2019: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Public Health 6(12):e897–e906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00228-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H et al (2017) Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in China: results from a nationwide population-based survey of 480 687 adults. Circulation 135(8):759–771. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025250

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tu WJ, Zhao Z, Yin P et al (2023) Estimated burden of stroke in China in 2020[J]. JAMA Netw Open 6(3):e231455. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1455

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B et al (2025) World stroke organization: global stroke fact sheet 2025. Int J Stroke 20(2):132–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930241308142

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keser Z, Ikramuddin S, Shekhar S et al (2023) Neuromodulation for post-stroke motor recovery: a narrative review of invasive and noninvasive tools. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 23(12):893–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-023-01319-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu S, Yang Q, Chen M et al (2021) Capturing neuroplastic changes after iTBS in patients with post-stroke aphasia: a pilot fMRI study. Brain Sci 11(11):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111451

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diao X, Lu Q, Qiao L et al (2022) Cortical inhibition state-dependent iTBS induced neural plasticity. Front Neurosci 16:788538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.788538

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen K, Sun M, Zhuang H (2024) Effect of theta burst stimulation on lower extremity motor function improvement and balance recovery in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine 103(44):e40098. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000040098

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu J, Huang J, Ye A et al (2024) Effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation on upper limb function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 15:1450435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1450435

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao LY, Zhu Y, Peng QY et al (2024) Intermittent theta-burst stimulation for stroke: primary motor cortex versus cerebellar stimulation: a randomized sham-controlled trial. Stroke 55(1):156–165. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.044892

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu PA, Li ZL, Lu QQ et al (2024) Can cerebellar theta-burst stimulation improve balance function and gait in stroke patients? A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 60(3):391–399. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.24.08307-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ et al (2019) Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of Interventions[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10(10):ED000142. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.ED000142

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews[J]. BMJ 372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bibbins-Domingo K, Brubaker L, Curfman G (2025) The 2024 revision to the declaration of helsinki: modern ethics for medical Research[J]. JAMA 333(1):30–31. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.22530

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sterne JACSJ, Page MJ, Elbers RG et al (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials[J]. BMJ 366:l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hartling L, Ospina M, Liang Y et al (2009) Risk of bias versus quality assessment of randomised controlled trials: cross sectional study[J]. BMJ 339:b4012. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4012

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen YJ, Huang YZ, Chen CY et al (2019) Intermittent theta burst stimulation enhances upper limb motor function in patients with chronic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial[J]. BMC Neurol 19(1):69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1302-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao LY, Xie YJ, Chen Y et al (2021) Cerebellar Theta-Burst stimulation combined with physiotherapy in subacute and chronic stroke patients: A pilot randomized controlled Trial[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 35(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968320971735

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang JJ, Bai Z, Fong KNK (2022) Priming intermittent theta burst stimulation for hemiparetic upper limb after stroke: A randomized controlled Trial[J]. Stroke 53(7):2171–2181. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037870

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan F, Rathore C, Kate M et al (2019) The comparative efficacy of theta burst stimulation or functional electrical stimulation when combined with physical therapy after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 33(4):693–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518820896

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koch G, Bonnì S, Casula EP et al (2019) Effect of cerebellar stimulation on gait and balance recovery in patients with hemiparetic stroke: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 76(2):170–178. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3639

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin LF, Chang KH, Huang YZ et al (2019) Simultaneous stimulation in bilateral leg motor areas with intermittent theta burst stimulation to improve functional performance after stroke: a feasibility pilot study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 55(2):162–168. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.18.05245-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meng Y, Zhang D, Hai H et al (2020) Efficacy of coupling intermittent theta-burst stimulation and 1 hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to enhance upper limb motor recovery in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 38(1):109–118. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-190953

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsu YF, Huang YZ, Lin YY et al (2013) Intermittent theta burst stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex of subacute ischemic stroke patients: a pilot study. Brain Stimul 6(2):166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie YJ, Wei QC, Chen Y et al (2021) Cerebellar theta burst stimulation on walking function in stroke patients: A randomized clinical Trial[J]. Front Neurosci 15:688569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.688569

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen YH, Chen CL, Huang YZ et al (2021) Augmented efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the virtual reality-based cycling training for upper limb function in patients with stroke: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial[J]. J Neuroeng Rehabil 18(1):91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-021-00885-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao Y (2020) Effect of rTMS on sEMG signal of biceps brachii and triceps and upper limb motor function in hemiplegic patients with cerebral infarction[D]. Anhui Med Univ. https://doi.org/10.26921/d.cnki.ganyu.2020.000881

Jing Chen M, Shi J, Chen et al (2023) The effects of supplementing theta burst stimulation of the cerebellum with physical therapy on balance and gait recovery after a stroke: A randomized clinical trial[J]. Chin J Phys Med Rehabil 45(5):402–407. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1424.2023.05.004

Article  Google Scholar 

Liping Lian (2023) Effects of mirror therapy after intermittent theta burst stimulation on motor recovery of upper limbs and self-care ability after stroke[D]. Qingdao Univ. https://doi.org/10.27262/d.cnki.gqdau.2023.000653

Article  Google Scholar 

Xinwei T, Ruiping H, Yulian Z et al (2018) The effect of intermittent theta burst stimuIation on motor dysfunction after stroke[J]. Chin J Rehab Med 33(12):1410–1415

Google Scholar 

Yu Fengyun Z, Yulian Lsijie, Weining W, Ruiping H, Shan T, Yi W (2021) A randomized controlled study of transcranial and peripheral magnetic stimulation for upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke[J]. Chin J Rehabilitation Med 36(5):538–545 doi:001-1242(2021)-05-0538-08

Google Scholar