Boniol M, Koechlin A, Sorahan T, Jakobsson K, Boyle P (2017) Cancer incidence in cohorts of workers in the rubber manufacturing industry first employed since 1975 in the UK and Sweden. Occup Environ Med 74(6):417–421. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103989

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Choe C, Lee H, Kang D (2020) Impacts of the shipping industry crisis in 2015 on local business employment: Evidence from Geoje-si and Tongyeong-si. Korean J Econ Stud 68(2):119–154. https://doi.org/10.22891/kjes.2020.68.2.119. (in Korean)

Article  Google Scholar 

Du Z, Zhang S, Zhou Q, Yuen KF, Wong YD (2018) Hazardous materials analysis and disposal procedures during ship recycling. Resour Conserv Recycl 131:158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.006

Article  Google Scholar 

Famiyeh L, Xu H, Chen K, Tang YT, Ji D, Xiao H et al (2024) Breathing in danger: unveiling the link between human exposure to outdoor PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk in an urban residential area of China. Sci Total Environ 907:167762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167762

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gowers DS, DeFonso LR, Schaffer P, Karli A, Monroe CB, Bernabeu L, Renshaw FM (1993) Incidence of respiratory cancer among workers exposed to chloromethyl-ethers. Am J Epidemiol 137(1):31–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116599

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hagvall L, Munem M, Philipsen MH, Dowlatshahi M, Hedberg Y (2024) P-010 penetration of chromium species in human skin and reconstructed skin models– A comparative study. Occup Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0443

Article  Google Scholar 

Honaryar MK, Lunn RM, Luce D, Ahrens W et al (2019) Welding fumes and lung cancer: A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Occup Environ Med 76(6):422–431. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105447

Article  Google Scholar 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1987) Overall Evaluations of carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum Suppl 7. IARC, Lyon, pp. 100–106

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1988) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Man-made mineral fibres and radon, vol 43. IARC, Lyon, pp. 239–241

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1990) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Chromium, nickel and welding, vol 49. IARC, Lyon, pp. 401–411

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1993a) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Beryllium, cadmium, Mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry, vol 58. IARC, Lyon, pp. 100–103

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1993b) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Beryllium, cadmium, Mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry, vol 58. IARC, Lyon, pp. 206–210

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1997) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils, vol 68. IARC, Lyon, pp. 204–211

Jiang Z, Person R, Lundh T, Pineda D, Engfeldt M, Krais AM et al (2024) Circulating lung-cancer-related non-coding RNAs are associated with occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium—a cross-sectional study within the SafeChrom project. Environ Int 190:108874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108874

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kang DM, Kim JE, Kim YK, Lee HH, Kim SY (2018) Occupational burden of asbestos-related diseases in Korea, 1998–2013: asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, and ovarian cancer. J Korean Med Sci 33(35):e226. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e226

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim H, Jeong Y (2023) Trend and prospect on the policies and technologies for reducing emissions and green house gases from vehicles using internal combustion engines since 2000. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ 39(5):696–709. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2023.39.5.696

Article  Google Scholar 

Kishimoto T, Ohnishi K, Saito Y (2003) Clinical study of asbestos-related lung cancer. Ind Health 41(2):94–100. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.41.94

Article  Google Scholar 

Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (2020) Risk assessment of occupational diseases in shipyard workers. KOSHA, Ulsan (in Korean)

Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, Institute of Occupation and Environment (2020) A study on the characteristics of recognized cases of occupational lung cancer. KCOMWEL, Seoul (in Korean)

Kwon J (2022) Impact of naturally occurring asbestos on asbestos ban: regulations and experience of the Republic of Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(2):742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020742

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee WC, Kim DI, Kwon YJ, Kim HR, Kim IA, Ryoo JH, Kim SG (2011) Worker’s compensation claims and approval status for occupational cancers in Korea from 2000 to 2009. Korean J Occup Environ Med 23(2):112–112. https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.112

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee SS (2023) Same boat, different destiny: subcontracted workers in the Korean shipbuilding industry. Policy press, pp. 76–97. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447369257.003.0004

Lim JW, Park SY, Choi BS (2010) Characteristics of occupational lung cancer from 1999 to 2005. Korean J Occup Environ Med 22(3):230–239. https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.3.230

Article  Google Scholar 

Lin L, Feng K, Wang P, Wan Z, Kong X, Li J (2022) Hazardous waste from the global shipbreaking industry: historical inventory and future pathways. Glob Environ Change 76:102581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102581

Article  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Employment and Labor (2023) Industrial accident status: mortality from occupational diseases by detailed disease type. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=118&tblId=DT_11806_N055&conn_path=I2. Accessed 10 Mar 2025 (in Korean)

Ministry of Health and Welfare, National Cancer Center (2021) Quality guidelines of lung cancer screening. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Sejong

Ndaw S, Leso V, Bousoumah R, Rémy A, Bocca B, Duca RC et al (2022) HBM4EU chromates study - Usefulness of measurement of blood chromium levels in the assessment of occupational Cr(VI) exposure. Environ Res 214(1):113758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113758

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Olsson A, Guha N, Bouaoun L, Kromhout H, Peters S, Siemiatycki J et al (2022) Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk: results from a pooled analysis of case-control studies (SYNERGY). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 31(7):1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-1428

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Olsson A, Bouaoun L, Schüz J, Vermeulen RCH, Behrens T, Ge C et al (2024) Lung cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to pairs of five lung carcinogens: results from a pooled analysis of case-control studies (SYNERGY). Environ Health Perspect 132(1):17005. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13380

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Park JS (2016) The Conditions of Occupational Safety and Health of In-house Subcontract Workers: the case study of shipbuilding industry in Korea. Kangwon Law Rev 48:99–136 (in Korean)

CAS  Google Scholar 

Purwitasari D (2024) Analysis of relationship between occupational safety behavior and the use of personal protective equipment the ship’s crew. PUBLIK 11(2):702–712. https://doi.org/10.37606/publik.v11i2.890

Article  Google Scholar 

Rajakumar JPP, Choi JH (2023) Helmet-mounted real-time toxic gas monitoring and prevention system for workers in confined places. Sensors (Basel) 23(3):1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031590

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ramanakumar AV, Parent MÉ, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J (2011) Exposures in painting-related occupations and risk of lung cancer among men: Results from two case-control studies in Montreal. Occup Environ Med 68(1):44–51. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2009.049957

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rodríguez V, Tardón A, Kogevinas M, Prieto CS, Cueto A, García M et al (2000) Lung cancer risk in iron and steel foundry workers: a nested case control study in Asturias. Spain Am J Ind Med 38(6):644–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0274(200012)38:6%3c644::aid-ajim5%3e3.0.co;2-m

Article  Google Scholar 

Rofiq MA, Azhar A (2022) Hazards identification and risk assessment in welding confined space ship reparation at PT. X with job safety analysis method. Berkala Sainstek (e-Journal). B SAINSTEK 10(4):175. https://doi.org/10.19184/bst.v10i4.32669

Article  Google Scholar 

Roh YM, Lim HW, Kim SI (2001) Evaluation of the shipyard working environment and exposure assessment problems using workplace monitoring data. Korean J Ind Hyg 11(2):126–134 (in Korean)

Google Scholar 

Romero Starke K, Bolm-Audorff U, Reissig D, Seidler A (2024) Dose-response-relationship between occupational exposure to diesel engine emissions and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 256:114299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114299

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seker S, Recal F, Basligil H (2017) A combined DEMATEL and grey system theory approach for analyzing occupational risks: a case study in Turkish shipbuilding industry. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 23(6):1340–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1308815

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seo SJ, Shin S, Yoon W, Byeon SH (2024) A health risk assessment of workers exposed to organic paint solvents used in the Korea

Serfozo N, Lazaridis M (2023) Estimation of particle emission rates and calculation of human dose from arc welding and cutting of stainless steel in a simulated confined workspace. Aerosol Sci Eng 7(4):474–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-023-00192-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Song HC, Seo MC, Yum JS (2010) Analysis on the international competitiveness of ship repair industry in Korea. J Navig Port Res 34(10):799–805 (in Korean)

Google Scholar 

Statistics Korea (2022) Cause of death statistics. https://kosis.kr/index/index.do. Accessed [10 Mar 2025]

Steenland K, Loomis D, Shy C, Simonsen N (1996) Review of occupational lung carcinogens. Am J Ind Med 29(5):474–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5%3c474::AID-AJIM6%3e3.0.CO;2-M

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Velazquez-Kronen R, Gilbert ES, Linet MS, Moysich KB, Freudenheim JL, Wactawski-Wende J et al (2020) Lung cancer mortality associated with protracted low-dose occupational radiation exposures and smoking behaviors in U.S. radiologic technologists, 1983–2012. Int J Cancer 147(11):3130–3138. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33141

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zeidler-Erdely PC, Falcone LM, Falcone LM, Antonini JM (2019) Influence of welding fume metal composition on lung toxicity and tumor formation in experimental animal models. J Occup Environ Hyg 16(6):372–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2019.1587172

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Li N, Zhang X, Wu H, Yu S (2023) Hexavalent chromium caused DNA damage repair and apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway triggered by oxidative stress in the lung of rat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 267:115622.